New knowledge and intellectual class into the spirit of the united front reconstruction
South Wind reporter Yang Jun
Knowledge is power!
When Francis Bacon 400 years ago for the first time to say these words, this began an era, Therefore, Marx called him to the social sphere, problems prompted people to reflect.
2007, the look back over the years in China, has the power of knowledge to participate in national revival, the pursuit of personal worth and happiness of the track can go down in history, but when Geku .1978 years end of the year, the CPC Central Committee published
realistic background of this policy is that our country is the sixth generation of wealth creators through the baptism of the new market economy, intellectuals, and in the interests of the formation and differentiation of the transitional period, it is worth asking is what the knowledge to become kind of power? and knowledge how to become a force? how to get knowledge, to which the knowledge is gone; only in freedom and democracy of the modern civilization platform, knowledge, likely to become the power to promote social progress and regain its dignity, in terms of sense of social responsibility, the pursuit of knowledge of the independence of the hearts, or in the Justice in the comments and suggestions become the major source of building a harmonious society is one; I believe that most people are happy to see the editorial department
reconstruction .-- Intellectual Spirit
2006 At the end, the CPC Central Committee released realistic background, the current sixth-generation wealth creators in China is through the baptism of the new market economy, intellectuals, and with well-developed higher education and vocational education and popularization of new knowledge and the increasing number of these. most of them were born in the sixties and seventies of last century, they have high academic qualifications, desire and efforts to create wealth, and then gradually began to assert their own political aspirations.
irony is that, although the ruling indicates that new knowledge into the united front Rise, but over the past 100 years, Chinese intellectuals who are always excellent duty-bound to play a pioneering role in the spirit of comparison, in the various social conflicts breaking out today, including the new intelligentsia, including intellectual community Quezheng experienced an unprecedented challenge of the public.
When the term no longer has the intellectual and moral values, only to become a new knowledge level of wealth-based political description, it is natural that the mental reconstruction of intellectuals has become to face pressing issues.
intellectuals and political instincts
the CPC Central Committee in July 2006 held in the new century, the first made by the National United Front Work Conference interpretation, the train and bring up a strong representation and participation in politics government capacity requirements of Representatives outside the team, attracted much attention, Compared to other sectors, China's intellectuals seem to have a natural and instinctive and political ties, the power elite intellectuals have always wished for their own use. However, paradoxically, enthusiastic participation in politics and intellectuals often be seen is the most dangerous for the social groups.
1949 years later, a large number of edges in the outside of the system and institutional structure of intellectuals were included, the real participation in politics. At that time the voices of intellectuals. But look back 50 years ago, the summer of 1957, within just a few months the country's anti-rightist movement rapidly, the right of sudden change, 60 million intellectuals silence, intellectuals, political participation no longer have the enthusiasm of the early 1950s, the power spectrum is also rapidly becoming marginalized.
followed by several political movements and social catastrophe to further the was founded by intellectuals in the formation of cultural and social functions lost, a large number of exiled intellectuals, cultural and political fields in addition to how to deal with strong powers, once again intellectuals must carefully handle the issue.
1978 CPC Central Committee on Sept. 17 forward, Political Complex once again take hold. In fact, in the 1980s, almost all intellectuals through the Sound, which is following the May Fourth Movement in China after the emancipation of the second movement, the Chinese intellectuals of the Enlightenment were to play again and the role of critics.
At the same time, as the ruling party members in a higher proportion of intellectuals, and leaders of the Maoist decision-making in different ways, to the molecular structure of knowledge-based consulting groups and think tanks began to affect the major national decisions.
the economic rationality of intellectual
1992 speech, Deng Xiaoping's southern tour, the market's rapid economic development makes intellectuals following the end of the 1980s suffered another shock after the incident. the market economy of the 1980s Call of the Enlightenment ideal of intellectual one, but when it really comes, the enlightening self-sacrifice has become poor.
1990's economic take-off the social changes brought about, making the living situation and the intellectuals secularization of social dignity challenge. Mencius was very proud to say: said, ; the Heavy Body major changes, with a capacity of voice and thoughts of intellectuals rapid rise of attachment type, after following the economic elite, and has become another elite group - the elite. was originally expected to be the public interest advocate for the interests of intellectuals as the spokesman for the Group, the interests of workers and peasants been marginalized. . Although no lack of reasonable argument, much more was tied up on the interests of the Group expressed their suspicion.
in the late 1990s, the deepening of economic reform in China makes the shift in the political form of government to the elite in society or elite political forces represented absorb the political decision-making structures, the political elite, economic elite and intellectual elite began to form appears to some degree of collusion.
reform is the process of redistribution of social resources, and the current situation gradually involved in the elite interest groups, control and even dominate the direction of reform and programs for the low number of them, they already control most of the resources of society to become powerful interest groups. elite and ordinary people in the economic income, social status, etc. growing gap between the reform of the rules of the game from the 1980s gradually transformed into a multilateral win-win winner takes all of the zero-sum game, and is no longer a group of intellectuals of the Enlightenment in the 1980s who turned to become the vested interests.
become vested in the value of the intellectual level of absence, which means they can give up their pursuit of free will and thought, power and capital in the dual pressures and temptations to abandon the universal values and moral imperative.
zhao said that the greatest happiness in life, than in the most difficult time of transformation fortunes. This is buried deep intellectual heart of the complex. when intellectuals is bound to rise? It takes courage, conscience and system security and contribute to.
Moral Reconstruction and the institutional guarantee
. It is also where to find the moral goodness it? years, has entered the elite intellectuals, the early market economy is no longer apprehensive of being marginalized. With the reforms, as intellectuals, those with vested interests in obtaining a certain economic status and political status, have also made the right to speak on the reform path. All signs show that when the reform into difficult times, the rise of an ideology and culture are nurtured, and this, is in need of mental reconstruction of intellectuals.
in modern society, the experts government decision-making behind the think tank experts have expertise in the support. suffered a lot of intellectuals, political belief, political ideals, and reconstruction is in a crisis between the state. but how to deal with power, and how the face of the capital, intellectuals in the political instincts and how to get a balance between economic rationality, still a test of intellectual conscience.
since the mid-1990s, liberalism and New Left arguments have been carried out for 10 years, China some of the finest volumes in which the body of intellectuals, distortion and loss, is the most urgent proposition.
social change is often initiated by the intellectuals, any era, intellectuals are the backbone of society and the backbone. Today, when the rise of new knowledge class generally inevitable , talking about the mental reconstruction of intellectuals will not only point to a specific group of knowledge, in fact, it points to the spirit of our national reconstruction and social core values.
whether the institutional abuse of power and capital of the transverse to Statute? If this is not possible, looking forward to intellectual and moral self-discipline, can only be ridiculed Herzen as genius of the soil. Intellectuals spiritual renewal, requires appropriate soil system.
Guer, beginning in 2007, review the half-century ago, 14 January 1956 Zhou Enlai, the famous not meaningless:
operational research and work, should be promoted and carried forward the socialist construction in the academic discussion, it should make their creation and invention can be testing and promoting opportunities. Windshield Qin Hui recent years, of.
general history book about this concept that originated in the French Revolution, when the National Association of Members advocating radical change to sit in the left, conservative or not so radical to sit on the right, so there will be a said right itself means No, just talk about reform and conservative, I am afraid that can not be any problems, the key is what Paul, keep what, where so-called reform is to the change. Some people, as a confrontation between the radical and progressive, which, though significant, but compared to the speed, after all, or second place in terms of direction, we must first figure out which direction to enter, and then only the difference between radical and incremental.
but where progress toward not playing, what kind of can be demonstrated today. Perhaps it all comes from good intentions, thinking to safeguard deeper may not be aware of the difference.
altruism and self-interest is the difference between imaginary people now like to emphasize self-interest
altruism, goodness evil nature of difference. This distinction is sometimes said to appear is the a: human nature the other sense, or in the people and noble deeds, such as Lei Feng, Bethune and so on. In recent years, a popular leftist live drama to a banshee-like This sentence is a value judgments, these friends said that self-interest is bad, altruism is the interest of public good, should inhibit the former and the latter Yang. people should not just themselves, it should be for others, contributions to the overall interests, and so on.
these two critical completely to no avail. the fact that people should self-judgments and value judgments that really is the worship Jesus. and Jesus, and regardless of whether there are real people, at least believe he is a Christian in order to save humanity, was crucified at all on their own people. If Westerners should not worship Jesus, but should worship the Jews fishes - Judas for 30 pieces of silver to betray Jesus, is the typical selfish. were Christians, and its human source is universal in nature and not limited to a ; selfish ; Cultural Revolution even on the gallows, the stake column martyr. in the Middle Ages there is indeed a > two diametrically opposite, has a key premise that this is evil, and may be the greater evil! this is obvious: we generally think that does good voluntarily, then this is for good. but if someone pushes you the knife, I have something for you, is called charity. If you force me to put my knife to give you something, is called what? This is called robbery. robbery is not good? Of course not.
a large number of human history ; forced altruism, ;. This is not a , that is, those who are fully altruistic freedom. Without this freedom, Lee who did not help you, what is necessary to divide altruistic self-interest? from Prometheus, Jesus Christ, we used propaganda to Comrade Lei Feng, the name has a great good, because People believe that they are voluntary, not forced to make those choices. and some altruistic behavior, good and evil that people have different evaluation of the reason why is because their judgments are different from whom freedom, forced altruism evil Is it evil? generally the people also do not think so. otherwise difficult: for example I am a philanthropist, I certainly honorable, but people who accept my charity is not a bad man? Of course not. altruism under conditions of freedom is good and accept those who of course is in such good self-interest, but this is not evil, because he did not infringe the rights of others. But if the contrary, under conditions of freedom without a This person is forced to people as ; realism Free altruism is good, but not evil by those who benefit. Second, they force people to altruism evil Ren, who was not forced to do good. co speaking, Chong Shangli he ; right wing edge a mess. This friend then said: You see if the two sides are determined only altruism, not self-interest, then the society will quarreling, not a good thing.
another friend, said to be to argue that: you have problems logic. If buy low and sell produce conflicts can be resolved through bargaining. then the same will be sold at Guimai a conflict, why can not bargain to solve the problem? people can buy low and sell doing business, a deal, why people can not do fire sale Guimai sale, you can not deal? Why this does not work that altruism, egoism only feasible? This does not make sense!
I think He asked very good! his remark that: No matter that both parties are self-serving, or both were altruistic, will have a contradiction in logic. But there are contradictions does not matter, you can free consultation. not only the case of all selfish can be envisaged under the market economy, everyone is Lei Feng that we do not also practice market economy? that is Li Ruzhen speaks of human altruism is not likely, but not the logic of altruism and the market economy have any contradictions. purely logically, pure market economy br> strange is precisely: It was against the market economy today, at least against the Duola and so on. based on that Then another . that we used to always see a few people on the bus humility, another seat, this is a gentleman. But these people do not like to write as Li Ruzhen bickered, and soon became the seat let, well Well, there is no What contradictions.
Indeed, in general, the contradiction between freedom of altruism does not lead to freedom of conflicts caused by severe self-serving. The reason is very simple: Why seat rarely cause confusion? because you want to find an acceptable person to be that is not difficult, it will not quarrel over a little dispute will not be very intense. This shows that indeed the experience of altruism than self-interest on the vulnerable, at least between strangers is this: to find people who accept your seat, that is, willing to accept your even more strongly than the latter, that's nothing, like Li Ruzhen said, as free trade can solve the problem.
In other words, everything to do under the conditions of freedom: If someone wants to volunteer for others, and some voluntary self-interest, and are out of free will, it is a satisfaction of all of the ; normal country . However, the liberal argument does not seem to rely on this experience, regardless of market economy, democratic politics is not to ; in liberal can still be established. Not only that, as I also mentioned: I think that requires the efforts of idealism. The Socialist (that democratic socialism) is actually came from a difficult undertaking for the same reason.
self-serving platform to build a total of altruism, goodness Evil is not reasons. In this debate is probably the problem in the manufacture of fake. For civilization left and right are self-evident, it should be said to be a consensus. the market economy talk about The welfare state does not even wait for the statement as the premise. As for democracy and politics in modern civilization is actually a market economy and the welfare state, a common background, so send the total platform, of course, more is not .
Thursday, December 30, 2010
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Goat's greatest street players - El Magny Coulter (The GOAT)
Is dead on the power of the statistical data ---- NBA, street bully is not to the number of gossip.
Hey, Abdul - Jabbar regarded street bully? Chick - Hearn interview does not count Operators gossip? when the Walter. , they were cut into, split into ? , early to set foot on the streets. where all kinds of terrible temptation to eat every day, the young man in the future. Perhaps the reason is money in his pocket, young man, the Fortunately, obsessed with basketball. almost every night in the corner of Avenue 130, one can see a thin black children the figure barely dunk. stadium during the day was high school, college and even professional players have occupied the children They only through street in the early morning and evening practice a ball game, looking forward to playing balls and fast long-standing one day be able to challenge adults. Some passersby stopped to laugh at the ; goat, actually reach an incredible 50 inches --- 127 cm! grab rebounds and people bet on the coin edge is his forte has always been, until then the whole neighborhood, and his people do not dare bet, the ---- a move straight out of the reflexive dunk, since there are a number of New Yorkers remember the named to the high school team soon, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (then the name is still Lu - Al Snyder) Power Memorial High School where several big engagement. they soon become golfers, jointly crack down on the streets. presence, reputed But the city Jabbar aloof temperament always alone, and the same famous by the will All-Star Game. hand ready to cover. height of 1 meter 85 of the - In two of more than 15 cm higher than their opponents head. Stadium instant a silence, then heard an explosion-like burst of applause, the fans flocked admission, the game was interrupted.
in ; almost lost in the streets when the league's founder Huokan than Locke - Locke found the young man gave his life in general rarely get the fatherly care and discipline. In the end, Mr. Locke recommended by their own, the provisions of the results reached the NCAA standards, North Carolina, Duke, Indiana and other schools are also incoming basketball scholarship. for schoolwork consideration, he selected a non-famous Negro College --- John - Smith College .
GOAT
Unfortunately, the returned to New York, but that Mr. Locke has died. He lost the life of the wizard fooling around on the streets all day, and soon fell in love with heroin .1969, the Kareem Abdul-Jabbar became the NBA draft pick, signed a million contracts, ; was in jail, prison, sit in the Niuyue Ge Lin Haiwen 16 months.
69-70 season, the New York Knicks won the first NBA team in the history of the championship, the New York Knicks in the record Zealand writer to win Ake History of experimental training opportunities, and even have a chance to an old friend of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in a preseason game and play together. Unfortunately, drugs and prison is almost destroyed the The Jazz never was half-way cut.
Lens II: the summer of 1967, Odd - Weber. a fast break, the , the . forgive my humble words can not reproduce the scene was wonderful, but follow the benefactor Huokan ratio - Locke, back to the community, at 99 Avenue founder of the Mario - Eric are born the start date, and drove a group of friends bound for the Bronx district. A few hours later, he was shackled his hands --- the attempted robbery and six million dollars. This time, 24 months classrooms.
after release of the league. efforts to 99 Street and Amsterdam Avenue in the basketball court named before the team behind the breakthrough in the case of 3 points off the basket, dunk the ball in the air after the catch and a buckle, and then said that this should be considered arrogant 4. Some people will care a bit you count double dunk? this performance has been beyond the scope of the basketball earth, entirely another time! NBA's Nets NBA you have to say too long, too slow off the ball ...... [END]
Copyright Notice: Every article published in the original author copyright of all individuals, need to reprint, please contact the author himself.
Hey, Abdul - Jabbar regarded street bully? Chick - Hearn interview does not count Operators gossip? when the Walter. , they were cut into, split into ? , early to set foot on the streets. where all kinds of terrible temptation to eat every day, the young man in the future. Perhaps the reason is money in his pocket, young man, the Fortunately, obsessed with basketball. almost every night in the corner of Avenue 130, one can see a thin black children the figure barely dunk. stadium during the day was high school, college and even professional players have occupied the children They only through street in the early morning and evening practice a ball game, looking forward to playing balls and fast long-standing one day be able to challenge adults. Some passersby stopped to laugh at the ; goat, actually reach an incredible 50 inches --- 127 cm! grab rebounds and people bet on the coin edge is his forte has always been, until then the whole neighborhood, and his people do not dare bet, the ---- a move straight out of the reflexive dunk, since there are a number of New Yorkers remember the named to the high school team soon, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (then the name is still Lu - Al Snyder) Power Memorial High School where several big engagement. they soon become golfers, jointly crack down on the streets. presence, reputed But the city Jabbar aloof temperament always alone, and the same famous by the will All-Star Game. hand ready to cover. height of 1 meter 85 of the - In two of more than 15 cm higher than their opponents head. Stadium instant a silence, then heard an explosion-like burst of applause, the fans flocked admission, the game was interrupted.
in ; almost lost in the streets when the league's founder Huokan than Locke - Locke found the young man gave his life in general rarely get the fatherly care and discipline. In the end, Mr. Locke recommended by their own, the provisions of the results reached the NCAA standards, North Carolina, Duke, Indiana and other schools are also incoming basketball scholarship. for schoolwork consideration, he selected a non-famous Negro College --- John - Smith College .
GOAT
Unfortunately, the returned to New York, but that Mr. Locke has died. He lost the life of the wizard fooling around on the streets all day, and soon fell in love with heroin .1969, the Kareem Abdul-Jabbar became the NBA draft pick, signed a million contracts, ; was in jail, prison, sit in the Niuyue Ge Lin Haiwen 16 months.
69-70 season, the New York Knicks won the first NBA team in the history of the championship, the New York Knicks in the record Zealand writer to win Ake History of experimental training opportunities, and even have a chance to an old friend of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in a preseason game and play together. Unfortunately, drugs and prison is almost destroyed the The Jazz never was half-way cut.
Lens II: the summer of 1967, Odd - Weber. a fast break, the , the . forgive my humble words can not reproduce the scene was wonderful, but follow the benefactor Huokan ratio - Locke, back to the community, at 99 Avenue founder of the Mario - Eric are born the start date, and drove a group of friends bound for the Bronx district. A few hours later, he was shackled his hands --- the attempted robbery and six million dollars. This time, 24 months classrooms.
after release of the league. efforts to 99 Street and Amsterdam Avenue in the basketball court named before the team behind the breakthrough in the case of 3 points off the basket, dunk the ball in the air after the catch and a buckle, and then said that this should be considered arrogant 4. Some people will care a bit you count double dunk? this performance has been beyond the scope of the basketball earth, entirely another time! NBA's Nets NBA you have to say too long, too slow off the ball ...... [END]
Copyright Notice: Every article published in the original author copyright of all individuals, need to reprint, please contact the author himself.
Tuesday, December 28, 2010
The acquisition of Shenzhen Development Ping you can achieve a win-win
Netizens Hello everybody, welcome to this edition of long way to go? Once the deal after it would have an enormous impact on the industry, the comprehensive management of China's financial industry, the road will go from here? on these issues, today we have invited four guests to explore together with you, First of all introduce myself around the capital markets from the National Development Research Center, Masanori Life Insurance Company's Chairman and President CEO Miss Zhang Hongtao, Zhang Hello.
Zhang Hongtao: Hello everybody.
NetEase Finance: sitting in the middle man from Fortune International Group chairman, Ms. Hung Ying, Ms. Hung Hello.
Zhang Hongtao: Hello, Hello, everybody.
NetEase Finance: Ms. Hung is also a senior accounting experts, carefully explain later. sitting next to you who is very familiar with the Central University of Finance, China Banking Research Center, Guo Tian Yong teacher, Hello.
NetEase Finance: The first question first proposed, Ping Could the acquisition of Shenzhen Development Bank, among the difficulties that may arise? How should we respond?
Guo Tian Yong: It should be said that peace is a matter of course the acquisition of Shenzhen Development thing, came news from last week when we have made prediction, I say the possibility is very great. from both parties point of view, the controlling shareholder of Shenzhen Development Group bridge has been in the past two years the state up for sale, looking for buyers abroad last year to open the line to pass and Shenzhen Development Cooperation (the message), but did not become a reality, when we have done comments, we feel that bridge may be sold, but not necessarily buy the CDB, the CDB has just because of the commercial transformation, it will not will be defined as the retail-oriented banks are in dispute, I am afraid that the CDB is not willing to engage in retail-based, so the deal was not formed.
but as bridge is concerned, they have been looking for buyers, Ping has a soft spot for banks, Citibank in 2006 and compete for it a controlling stake in Guangdong Development Bank, was safely out of the 200 billion investment program, even more than Citigroup's investment are high, but in the end the competition failed, and later it went to the acquisition of Shenzhen Commercial Bank, it has been more interested in the bank.
now it is out of the bank is a small bank in the Pearl River Delta with sixty-seven a bank, and Ping An Insurance is a national large companies, from the mixed operation point of view, it must find a large national bank, Shenzhen Development is more in line with its appetite, from the buyers and sellers point of view, they are a willing buyer, a willing seller, you love me May, Peace Now has issued notice, and I want to be able to reach a final deal.
NetEase: Guo said that this situation I would like you should be able to reach the agreement, but even after the opening of Shenzhen Development general meeting of shareholders, the Commission may need to do some approval, which may have some details, Ms. Hong is a senior accounting person, which you compare what the details would be worried about?
Hong Ying: are you from the transaction itself situation I would like things as peace is concerned, so many years it has been a very ambitious development goals, or is called a dream, blueprints, Mixed want to make very good financial behavior of the company. specific to the M & A perspective, I think there is some need for us to think deeper level, our strategic goal of positioning is very critical, if simply want to mix business, from a strategic rather than simply to consider from a financial structure, we need to consider the integration of Finally, do not depend entirely on the current decision-making, but to consider the strategic goals, mergers and acquisitions completed in the future, do you have the ability to integrate it, not only to the behavior of short-term financial profits, but to the long-term development objectives, need to to consider the long-term level.
There is also a very important issue is the integration of acquisitions completed since there is no ability to do integration? including the then McKinsey global survey has also been done, the success rate of mergers and acquisitions in almost 30-40% (success rate) is not high, and why? This is not a technical problem, nor is the question of money, all that cultural conflict and integration capabilities, including you have the ability to manage the enterprise.
other From a financial and accounting point of view, also need to consider the existing accounting system, the existing National Insurance Mixed policies can not achieve the strategic goal of enterprise integration needs of the final, there are some integration need to rely on the support of national policy, national policy can be considered ever be fulfilled. but also consider the market reaction, the enterprises have been several mergers and acquisitions, why do not end successfully? also need worthy of our consideration.
NetEase Finance: Ms. Hung their own concerns, ask the teacher worried that Zhang Where?
Zhang Hongtao: the development of the acquisition of Shenzhen Ping An additional shares of the new bridge, which is inevitable, because it is a financial investor rather than strategic investors, it is necessary to make way once the lifting of the ban, because the capital is the profit-driven , and is determined to win the peace, quotes and programs from its point of view is just the adjective It is from the original one from the regional (Shekou) and small company into a is bound to find a (large, with matching) bank, I think it is now found in the deep development is very appropriate, and the structure of the two companies, corporate governance is relatively similar. Now it seems you love me willing, but the teacher just said Hung, they need to go through shareholders, while also subject to regulatory approval, which is very important, which is not only a regulatory department, safe to consider the approval of China Insurance Regulatory Commission, China Banking Regulatory Commission to consider the development of deep regulation, but because this involves the problem of equity issuance and mergers and acquisitions, it is also involved in the Commission, the deal to be successful, from a regulatory point of view, but also through the ? how to achieve? This is the future to come to the conclusion.
now for peace, it would like to acquisition of Shenzhen Development, is to give peace to form a broader business platform, enables customers to enjoy the same company to many services. The other part is the (beat) basis, to improve future asset allocation, product structure, looking for a broader approach to development and platform. I think that if the successful development of the acquisition of Shenzhen Ping An operating in China should be said that the way a landmark event, to go through the teacher expressed the best wishes, Hong teachers have some concerns about integration, Zhang considered the issue through regulation.
Hong Ying: the acquisition of shares is the new bridge, involving foreign investment, it is possible also through Ministry of Commerce, at least through the four departments.
NetEase Finance: the fourth spot went to the guests, the Chinese Society of International Economic Relations Director Tan Yaling teacher, whether you believe that this acquisition will succeed the case, what are the details of which will hinder Ping acquisition of Shenzhen Development?
Tan Yaling: the case of foreign markets is now more complex, there are some areas in the mixed operation problems, as a developing country from the sub-sector industry in the development process to the mix, we developed and then start Mixed development when there are very different, so the Chinese policy-makers should also consider the insurance company integrated the acquisition of a bank's future prospects. because I have heard a lot of lessons the teacher Zhang Hongtao, insurance is still necessary to protect the most basic premise of We engage in insurance company qualification coupled with the current insurance system, its task is very heavy, so the decision makers will be cautious about this matter, whether successful or not, in terms of China's development, security and stability of meaning of considerations should be the first one.
NetEase: Zhang is the founder of the insurance industry, he has also been proposed comprehensive management and mixed operation is not the same concept, can now talk about? < br> Zhang Hongtao: raised the issue raised in China, the beginning of the across the business, such as my insurance company, can go to business banking, you can go to engage in securities, the securities industry may engage in insurance, banking, banks can engage in securities, insurance, etc., started talking about the financial system of cross-industry business . Why was it mixed operations and comprehensive business? ago many people think can be called mixed operation can also be called integrated operation, but I do not think so, I think that mixed operation is a spiral to the comprehensive management of progress Many people raised in a period of time concept? example would be relatively easy to understand:
Mixed similar to what we usually talked about a small grocery store, grocery store there was everything but the quality is not very good, quality is not high, and put a mess, so the Chinese people used the word is good, It is described as a grocery store. But gradually grocery store can not meet the consumer demand of ordinary people, because the product regardless of grade, is a type, and how the product category, to raise standards, it is necessary to solve a problem of specialization and increase the amount, This requires separate operation, I think the separate operation to solve the mixed industrial age problems of quality and professionalism.
separate operation like? I described it as brand, the package back lesbians, LV, Chanel or something.
NetEase: I know, the last is the comprehensive management of the department store?
Zhang Hongtao: Exactly, modern department store. I have said, when mixed operation disorganized, to the comprehensive management to resolve quality problems, with the brand, to achieve a professional, mixed and integrated business process it is cross-industry middle management, cross-industry business process carved a few level, the students in class I said so, it is department store, and now there are many Chinese in the United States after entering the department store brand stores all good. The financial mixed operation to separate operation from then to integrated management, That and there was a gradual process, comprehensive management solution to reduce cost, since there are stores to buy the brand that the store only, we found no? stores are an extension of the same, you see only the original LV bag Now LV shoes started doing watches, jewelry and so on.
NetEase: Zhang, Ping An original sell insurance, they would have China Ping An Bank, now wants to develop into a department store through the deep, if It integrates well, might become Masanori your insurance company is also CEO, insurance companies and banks will not be the starting point of contradiction, they integrate the two where the greatest difficulty?
Zhang Hongtao: It should be said that the insurance, securities and banking are the same financial the three pillars, their essence is the same, and I have said, what is financial? simply described is the Card passed a brush can not see, do not feel bad; but if you want to hold a million of money to buy, you need a large box, some financial speculators to buy hundreds of millions of cash may be less than even the room piled . to the bank, too, how much money deposit, the final out, only a single savings, insurance is the same, no matter how much insurance to buy is to get an insurance policy last.
So banking, securities and insurance are the pillars of the financial, but their different, as the banks, its main profit model is spread, the money coming into the bank, and then get lending spreads. to the performance of securities companies charge. insurance companies established fee, there are commissions, there are two other different (earnings model), securities and banking must be returned to the people, but in some life insurance, such as aviation accident insurance, safe landing the plane took off again, this money no repayment of principal to the insurance company classified. Why do not payback? insured by the law of large numbers, and why 20 (premium) out of trouble can a 40 million? is a paid 20 millions did not fall from the sky to form pools of capital money to support a particular person falling from the sky in compensation.
banks and insurance companies is the essence of different banks and insurance companies are now integrated together in specific business must be separate supervision, consolidated operating without a firewall, the risk will be deferred.
NetEase Finance: the future may be consolidated operating, but still separate supervision?
Zhang Hongtao: so can not directly said that now we do this a company, the above is a comprehensive business, the following services, such as banking, finance, insurance, and the middle of the business are independent legal entities, subject to different regulatory control. but this has raised a question now the three regulatory authorities (CBRC, CIRC, CSRC) is parallel with the accelerated pace of comprehensive management, in particular the success of a number of integrated business case is bound to be discussed in the regulatory issues, in the end what form, the future management of the three will be an integrated department or a unit of the following three sectors? definitely need to seriously consider and explore.
word, comprehensive management is not equal to Mixed, Mixed to chaos because of years, but the comprehensive management is in progress and rise above the mixed operation, so make sure to monitor, Zenmeyangzuo good comprehensive management, how to guard against risk? must have a very comprehensive monitoring system, mechanisms and institutions to do the comprehensive management success.
NetEase: Zhang put forward their concerns, who will monitor after integration? We would like to ask Ms. Hung, before you were involved in a number of mergers and acquisitions, according to your analysis, after the development of China's Ping An M & A deep, not fusion Where will the contradiction?
Hong Ying: I can not say at present, can introduce an example and this example of the global financial crisis situation is an open secret, you know, AIG is doing the original Insurance-based mixed operation, and later developed into the country's top boss of the consolidated operating entity, but why in the current financial turmoil was the combat and defeat it will affect the world? we know it has been basically split, and become a disguised form state. I attended the CEO, chief financial Cheung Kong Graduate School classes study, the financial crisis in September last year, Black 13 days we just on Wall Street, AIG's global chairman met, including the CEO, Consumer Finance Chairman and Chairman of Greater China, at the beginning When these things did not happen, we only as a very good case to us to give lectures over three days later without a problem, these leaders and deliberately arrived at the school where we were (Columbia University), while the one o'clock time with us On these issues, hope that China's enterprises can save them. then they told us that the U.S. government will likely be making, he said we must be dead, has been sentenced to death, only suspended it. (This is original words).
he told us the story, in the mixed operation process, there is a re-insurance business, then make a small investment bank, that is, we say that the athletes themselves have become judges, and then into the Zuozhuang the suzerain, the agency actually more than seventy thousand of their team only 30 a few people, AIG several hundred billion dollars of revenue a year, but annual income of this sector was more than thirty billion, but it led to AIG's wiped out, and why? is because the loss of control.
From this example, we can see so well in the United States arising under the financial control system tragic scene, leading to qualifying or two in the fall of large multinational groups , the real cause of their downfall is because of regulatory control, or under the seemingly comprehensive system of loopholes.
to China is concerned, our system now, especially in monitoring levels of several different departments, but the situation there is no uniform regulatory mechanism , I very much agree with Zhang said, a prerequisite for success is to do must be very good, strong coordination of the regulatory mechanism, if not impossible to do a good job, we were over there, Ye Hao Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch Well, the President told us what lectures, his story the next day to die, holding the box with our worship, the first words are all Chinese, including the initiator of the sub-prime come up with back to us about the CASE, as it what a good case, the result went bankrupt a few days into the lessons we learned. which is something we need to think carefully about the leadership issue, if these issues are not well of our own, in-depth Thinking to start doing (definitely not work), according to our own words was retaining only the original insurance. This is the U.S. government set the principles, I give you 700 billion, but definitely not allow you to do it again this kind of thing, people back down, we'll hand, they follow the people (the wrong way) to run in this premise, we need to have prepared, if not ready to start engaging in financial derivatives, including the world's financial accounting standards in these areas have not yet reached a consensus, based on what we have? regulatory policy? implemented What is the accounting system? are not prepared in these circumstances how this problem? This is what we need to consider.
NetEase: Guo said the two companies have your love I wish you, too, as lovers, we liked each other, but the real also agree, and now we face a problem, including major leaders earlier in his speech, the CBRC also said before, the financial crisis, in the future should be Mixing too, after the process is complicated not know which part of the loopholes in the collapse of the entire group. just teacher talk about the AIG Group, Hung had this situation.
but we certainly see the benefits of comprehensive management is self-evident, the service more efficient, able to provide one-stop financial services, I would like to service quality and efficiency will increase and the risk attendant risks, the financial industry Well, always in the efficiency and hold a balance between risks. Now in our ability to monitor the level and risk has not improved the situation, the pace of Mixed rush there will be problems go far too fast, everyone just talked about this issue. But the U.S. financial We often say that after the crisis is not a word future personnel of both sides to take over the business and do business integration, to avoid gulping situation; after completing the second is the integration of the advantages of the use of two platforms for deeper cooperation, development of more high-quality financial products, so as to achieve form an effective firewall between the effective risk isolation, it is very important; second, from an external point of view, our external regulatory agencies (line c will) discuss the formation of an effective mechanism for the formation of such an effective financial mechanism external supervision.
Now everyone has a grasp on the consolidated business and will not appear in the U.S. financial crisis, financial default swaps, we are a relatively small number of controllable risk financial products, if there is such a certainty, then Ping An Group has done with better internal control, the occurrence of 1 +1
NetEase Finance: Guo to make a point, in addition to external monitoring, the internal integration is also very important. China's Ping An Bank, Ping An has a following, it will not be competitive and deep development of the industry? everyone guess, they both one should be how to integrate? will not integrate together? still have other ways?
Tan Yaling: I think the concept of economic globalization, more and more people will be mixed industry, but should see that If you look at the situation in developed countries, their level of separation of Mixed higher than ours, and now they are from the sub-sector, Mixed went to a professional, specialized sub-sector should be the advanced stage, they emphasized that the characteristics of each financial institution, Both Citigroup, JP Morgan or any other bank, has its own unique characteristics, such as the main retail or wholesale level, this feature should play out. We are the state-owned specialized banks, the characteristics you can not lose, so that it does not the market appears homogeneous competition, separation of Ye Hao, professional Ye Hao, be sure to keep your long-term and advantages, such development can take a firm stand in order to obtain your unique market share experiences from the United States from China has been walked the road of reform and opening up, especially the last ten years of reform and development banks point of view, there should be some lessons, and now we are too serious homogenization, the overall competitiveness will bring great impact, whether it is safe or deep development, combined the advantages of the two together, where after, the future framework of how to maintain peace under the original plate, this is the need to think, rather than simply to the two banks combined together, for its characteristics profit point and the product should be concerned, so as to achieve the true meaning of the merger.
now we are often in the pursuit of a model and framework, and the West in pursuit of profits and goals, the goal is to take a firm position which , a firm which plate. We in the reform framework, organizational structure, and mergers and acquisitions, the merger process must be clear what to do, a clear point where our profit, advantage goes, I think this can be played on relatively long-term development good support, to achieve its desired effect.
Zhang Hongtao: I would like to add. Honourable concerns about the macro, the micro I have a fear that development is safe to buy a deep-fixed-price , 22, this 22 is a premium, the price can not be changed, why I started the judge is , and the additional 20 days before the suspension is the average price, if the stock market is good, peace will make money, if the extreme stock market decline, because bridge is about to share next year can be thawed in October, also in October next year a long time, if the stock market in the process has greatly changed, there will be a big problem.
According to the present written or unwritten, to whom the main offer, which belongs to the type of monitoring to go department, this is the safe acquisition of Shenzhen development, regulatory authorities should be the Insurance Regulatory Commission. I do things has always been within the scope of controllable risk controllable risk to do something before the next October 22 to ensure that prices dollars or more? You can control the risk? Or buy a time bomb?
NetEase Finance: The time bomb is also safe to buy more than one of these.
Hong Ying: This is my teacher talks was more concerned about and concern, everyone in the mergers and acquisitions, many are from the perspective of managers to consider issues such as the development of derivatives business or company, but few people mention this acquisition will bring any benefit to shareholder value? actually it is very critical, because the two are listed companies, you should be responsible to shareholders. But I see all the information point of view, which did not say what does this do to the shareholders, but just like Zhang teacher talk, such a high price for such a long lock-up period, once a change in the stock market, no matter which approach, the final winner is the new bridge, my initial estimates a bit, it can benefit from 9000000000-150 billion about.
Zhang Hongtao: No, between 14 to 15.5 billion.
Hong Ying: If this is the result, we can give the prospect of delivering value to shareholders in what areas? safe management did not explain this thing I think we need to think about this. In addition, no matter what kind of mergers and acquisitions, development and peace temporarily say something deep, from the professional level, when we have to consider the merger a very deep-seated problems, consider it financial structure, considering its unforeseen risks, which are completely beyond the concept of market or commercial transactions, the concept of non-commercial transactions something. like Coca-Cola to buy Huiyuan, as leadership, CEO are set well, but in the end there ( obstacle), anti-monopoly. We have to consider these factors, listed companies (decision) should be through the general meeting of shareholders, independent directors should be independent opinion on this, but now we do not see the independent director's independent opinion on this issue. < br> NetEase Finance: in April this year, where we witnessed a historic moment, SDB setting a maximum amount of transactions. peace rose 2.28% today, which is not too much, Shenzhen Development limit. Ping is currently trading volume at 4.06 billion, 4.08 billion development of deep, deep development of this data record 4.08 billion the maximum amount of history. We see this data how are you feeling? if you buy on the safe development of the still relatively optimistic about the deep.
Zhang Hongtao: in particular, a major shareholder, that the market development of deep recognition of the deal, safe start, also rose a lot, but later Raining Cats fall to less than inflation.
Hong Ying: From this point speaking, I have to admire the deep development of all the senior executives, including its current chairman, Mr. Newman, indeed the former U.S. Treasury Secretary, who is definitely in the capital master operation, absolutely we have to learn, but unfortunately We did not learn.
NetEase Finance: Hong teacher Huazhongyouhua ah feeling.
Hong Ying: (laughs) did not mean, but we should really study them in the whole concept, subject matter and timing of the control on are doing very well, you can look at the record two years, the stock limit the problem of insufficient capital adequacy ratio adjustment, Baosteel last intervention, the intervention of gold, and now is a safe intervention, you can see the process of this series.
Zhang Hongtao: Because he himself is a financial investor, Newbridge is certainly a financial investor, due to find out mechanisms, and their goal is fame and fortune, and now determined to win the development of deep peace, which is what investors as a ?
Hong Ying: This is very interesting, just a few teachers mentioned that a very interesting question, because we have a safe bank, after the acquisition of Shenzhen Development, Ping An Insurance has become the largest shareholder of Shenzhen Development, will be among their own will not compete with the industry? This is exactly the problem I just want to ask, as a deep investment in the development of safe large group, it is considered as a strategic investment or a financial investment considerations? otherwise and Ping An Bank should put in what position?
NetEase Finance: Tan teacher to ask the views of the teacher's point of view because of Tan and we are not the same every time. Do you think peace between the Bank and Shenzhen Development What is the relationship in the future?
Zhang Hongtao: Whatever it is investment, he has to make money.
Tan Yaling: I think the module from the bank, the deep development of the basic modules of the module may be better than the Ping An Bank, just a few teachers to the development of module efficiency and deep framework for peace than the relative Banks better. Ping An Insurance Ping An Bank had in a lot of the big limitations of the framework, and deep development as a bank, its impact in the market, including market, structure, customers and products, have a great share and roles.
NetEase Finance: What is the future we see or Ping An Bank Shenzhen Development Bank? the original network will be renamed?
Tan Yaling: hard to say.
Zhang Hongtao: I think the name change SDB do not change is the will of major shareholders, but for from the banking business, or in deep-oriented development must, as compared to Ping An Bank, Shenzhen Development Bank to be more mature in the business, while Ping An Bank credit card and other retail operations in the deep development of superior But I think deep development in the banking business will still play a leading role.
NetEase: I see that China is safe to say, the Ping An Bank customers are now only 15.7% coverage, but if added after Shenzhen Development , can reach more than 80% coverage, their strategy is proposed: a client account can enjoy through a variety of services and products. this phrase we how to analyze the trend of their future, SDB will often sell in China Ping An Insurance Business?
Zhang Hongtao: peace in the bank's insurance now account for about 15% of customers who want the future through the acquisition of Shenzhen Development Bank to customers in the insurance business in the possession of their share to 80%, I think this is a wonderful aspiration, but depends on the specific how to do. is now safe holding of the Shenzhen Development Bank, is the holding company's products can not? I think we may not. Bank worth mentioning, no matter whether the insurance company, capital is profit-driven, and the pursuit of profit Although you are my controlling shareholder, but you have difficulty in marketing the product in my place, I still will not sell you. Why is a bank insurance? many banks have their own insurance company, but not necessarily sold on the network its own that bank insurance, try to sell people the insurance company, which is a feature of China.
NetEase: Shenzhen Development Bank is the future there may be peace in China, but also Life.
Zhang Hongtao : China's current situation is like, but if the insurance of peace, certainly safe to sell their own, but if the peace of the product is poor, the good country life, perhaps traitorous longevity.
NetEase: If Ping Through the acquisition of Shenzhen Development Bank, said that the financial system should be a landmark event, we got the data, Bank of Communications and Bank of Beijing shares granted to insurance companies, but this, in turn, insurance companies, the acquisition of banks between the two What is the difference? Tan teachers how to look?
Tan Yaling: Now we are talking about a market behavior, market focus is to talk about the incident, but the problem is our system, our system, although the bank to purchase the insurance-based Ping An, But our regulators are separate, the insurance can not control the future does not depend on the agency, but on China's overall framework, including our discussion of capital markets, we continue to push the product, but our system is imperfect, we need to do is complete the system, and the market to match, not the market out of touch. We had something so exciting, if regulators do not pass the final would be for whatever reason? now clearly the case of separate supervision, If you become a mixed business model, which regulatory regime in the case of the core being regulated? This is the biggest problem, so much talk about China's financial building, we can not just put the Western model, framework, combinatorics over, and make It's culture, strategy, learning experience over, it is most important, no matter what you do you ultimately want to control risk is to make money, this is crucial, said so long time, so lively, but there are still question mark , not sure.
NetEase: Just now you said Zhang also has concerns, it is three parallel regulatory authorities, is not also need a other agencies and coordination of the three departments do?
Zhang Hongtao : No ...
Zhang Hongtao: Hello everybody.
NetEase Finance: sitting in the middle man from Fortune International Group chairman, Ms. Hung Ying, Ms. Hung Hello.
Zhang Hongtao: Hello, Hello, everybody.
NetEase Finance: Ms. Hung is also a senior accounting experts, carefully explain later. sitting next to you who is very familiar with the Central University of Finance, China Banking Research Center, Guo Tian Yong teacher, Hello.
NetEase Finance: The first question first proposed, Ping Could the acquisition of Shenzhen Development Bank, among the difficulties that may arise? How should we respond?
Guo Tian Yong: It should be said that peace is a matter of course the acquisition of Shenzhen Development thing, came news from last week when we have made prediction, I say the possibility is very great. from both parties point of view, the controlling shareholder of Shenzhen Development Group bridge has been in the past two years the state up for sale, looking for buyers abroad last year to open the line to pass and Shenzhen Development Cooperation (the message), but did not become a reality, when we have done comments, we feel that bridge may be sold, but not necessarily buy the CDB, the CDB has just because of the commercial transformation, it will not will be defined as the retail-oriented banks are in dispute, I am afraid that the CDB is not willing to engage in retail-based, so the deal was not formed.
but as bridge is concerned, they have been looking for buyers, Ping has a soft spot for banks, Citibank in 2006 and compete for it a controlling stake in Guangdong Development Bank, was safely out of the 200 billion investment program, even more than Citigroup's investment are high, but in the end the competition failed, and later it went to the acquisition of Shenzhen Commercial Bank, it has been more interested in the bank.
now it is out of the bank is a small bank in the Pearl River Delta with sixty-seven a bank, and Ping An Insurance is a national large companies, from the mixed operation point of view, it must find a large national bank, Shenzhen Development is more in line with its appetite, from the buyers and sellers point of view, they are a willing buyer, a willing seller, you love me May, Peace Now has issued notice, and I want to be able to reach a final deal.
NetEase: Guo said that this situation I would like you should be able to reach the agreement, but even after the opening of Shenzhen Development general meeting of shareholders, the Commission may need to do some approval, which may have some details, Ms. Hong is a senior accounting person, which you compare what the details would be worried about?
Hong Ying: are you from the transaction itself situation I would like things as peace is concerned, so many years it has been a very ambitious development goals, or is called a dream, blueprints, Mixed want to make very good financial behavior of the company. specific to the M & A perspective, I think there is some need for us to think deeper level, our strategic goal of positioning is very critical, if simply want to mix business, from a strategic rather than simply to consider from a financial structure, we need to consider the integration of Finally, do not depend entirely on the current decision-making, but to consider the strategic goals, mergers and acquisitions completed in the future, do you have the ability to integrate it, not only to the behavior of short-term financial profits, but to the long-term development objectives, need to to consider the long-term level.
There is also a very important issue is the integration of acquisitions completed since there is no ability to do integration? including the then McKinsey global survey has also been done, the success rate of mergers and acquisitions in almost 30-40% (success rate) is not high, and why? This is not a technical problem, nor is the question of money, all that cultural conflict and integration capabilities, including you have the ability to manage the enterprise.
other From a financial and accounting point of view, also need to consider the existing accounting system, the existing National Insurance Mixed policies can not achieve the strategic goal of enterprise integration needs of the final, there are some integration need to rely on the support of national policy, national policy can be considered ever be fulfilled. but also consider the market reaction, the enterprises have been several mergers and acquisitions, why do not end successfully? also need worthy of our consideration.
NetEase Finance: Ms. Hung their own concerns, ask the teacher worried that Zhang Where?
Zhang Hongtao: the development of the acquisition of Shenzhen Ping An additional shares of the new bridge, which is inevitable, because it is a financial investor rather than strategic investors, it is necessary to make way once the lifting of the ban, because the capital is the profit-driven , and is determined to win the peace, quotes and programs from its point of view is just the adjective It is from the original one from the regional (Shekou) and small company into a is bound to find a (large, with matching) bank, I think it is now found in the deep development is very appropriate, and the structure of the two companies, corporate governance is relatively similar. Now it seems you love me willing, but the teacher just said Hung, they need to go through shareholders, while also subject to regulatory approval, which is very important, which is not only a regulatory department, safe to consider the approval of China Insurance Regulatory Commission, China Banking Regulatory Commission to consider the development of deep regulation, but because this involves the problem of equity issuance and mergers and acquisitions, it is also involved in the Commission, the deal to be successful, from a regulatory point of view, but also through the ? how to achieve? This is the future to come to the conclusion.
now for peace, it would like to acquisition of Shenzhen Development, is to give peace to form a broader business platform, enables customers to enjoy the same company to many services. The other part is the (beat) basis, to improve future asset allocation, product structure, looking for a broader approach to development and platform. I think that if the successful development of the acquisition of Shenzhen Ping An operating in China should be said that the way a landmark event, to go through the teacher expressed the best wishes, Hong teachers have some concerns about integration, Zhang considered the issue through regulation.
Hong Ying: the acquisition of shares is the new bridge, involving foreign investment, it is possible also through Ministry of Commerce, at least through the four departments.
NetEase Finance: the fourth spot went to the guests, the Chinese Society of International Economic Relations Director Tan Yaling teacher, whether you believe that this acquisition will succeed the case, what are the details of which will hinder Ping acquisition of Shenzhen Development?
Tan Yaling: the case of foreign markets is now more complex, there are some areas in the mixed operation problems, as a developing country from the sub-sector industry in the development process to the mix, we developed and then start Mixed development when there are very different, so the Chinese policy-makers should also consider the insurance company integrated the acquisition of a bank's future prospects. because I have heard a lot of lessons the teacher Zhang Hongtao, insurance is still necessary to protect the most basic premise of We engage in insurance company qualification coupled with the current insurance system, its task is very heavy, so the decision makers will be cautious about this matter, whether successful or not, in terms of China's development, security and stability of meaning of considerations should be the first one.
NetEase: Zhang is the founder of the insurance industry, he has also been proposed comprehensive management and mixed operation is not the same concept, can now talk about? < br> Zhang Hongtao: raised the issue raised in China, the beginning of the across the business, such as my insurance company, can go to business banking, you can go to engage in securities, the securities industry may engage in insurance, banking, banks can engage in securities, insurance, etc., started talking about the financial system of cross-industry business . Why was it mixed operations and comprehensive business? ago many people think can be called mixed operation can also be called integrated operation, but I do not think so, I think that mixed operation is a spiral to the comprehensive management of progress Many people raised in a period of time concept? example would be relatively easy to understand:
Mixed similar to what we usually talked about a small grocery store, grocery store there was everything but the quality is not very good, quality is not high, and put a mess, so the Chinese people used the word is good, It is described as a grocery store. But gradually grocery store can not meet the consumer demand of ordinary people, because the product regardless of grade, is a type, and how the product category, to raise standards, it is necessary to solve a problem of specialization and increase the amount, This requires separate operation, I think the separate operation to solve the mixed industrial age problems of quality and professionalism.
separate operation like? I described it as brand, the package back lesbians, LV, Chanel or something.
NetEase: I know, the last is the comprehensive management of the department store?
Zhang Hongtao: Exactly, modern department store. I have said, when mixed operation disorganized, to the comprehensive management to resolve quality problems, with the brand, to achieve a professional, mixed and integrated business process it is cross-industry middle management, cross-industry business process carved a few level, the students in class I said so, it is department store, and now there are many Chinese in the United States after entering the department store brand stores all good. The financial mixed operation to separate operation from then to integrated management, That and there was a gradual process, comprehensive management solution to reduce cost, since there are stores to buy the brand that the store only, we found no? stores are an extension of the same, you see only the original LV bag Now LV shoes started doing watches, jewelry and so on.
NetEase: Zhang, Ping An original sell insurance, they would have China Ping An Bank, now wants to develop into a department store through the deep, if It integrates well, might become Masanori your insurance company is also CEO, insurance companies and banks will not be the starting point of contradiction, they integrate the two where the greatest difficulty?
Zhang Hongtao: It should be said that the insurance, securities and banking are the same financial the three pillars, their essence is the same, and I have said, what is financial? simply described is the Card passed a brush can not see, do not feel bad; but if you want to hold a million of money to buy, you need a large box, some financial speculators to buy hundreds of millions of cash may be less than even the room piled . to the bank, too, how much money deposit, the final out, only a single savings, insurance is the same, no matter how much insurance to buy is to get an insurance policy last.
So banking, securities and insurance are the pillars of the financial, but their different, as the banks, its main profit model is spread, the money coming into the bank, and then get lending spreads. to the performance of securities companies charge. insurance companies established fee, there are commissions, there are two other different (earnings model), securities and banking must be returned to the people, but in some life insurance, such as aviation accident insurance, safe landing the plane took off again, this money no repayment of principal to the insurance company classified. Why do not payback? insured by the law of large numbers, and why 20 (premium) out of trouble can a 40 million? is a paid 20 millions did not fall from the sky to form pools of capital money to support a particular person falling from the sky in compensation.
banks and insurance companies is the essence of different banks and insurance companies are now integrated together in specific business must be separate supervision, consolidated operating without a firewall, the risk will be deferred.
NetEase Finance: the future may be consolidated operating, but still separate supervision?
Zhang Hongtao: so can not directly said that now we do this a company, the above is a comprehensive business, the following services, such as banking, finance, insurance, and the middle of the business are independent legal entities, subject to different regulatory control. but this has raised a question now the three regulatory authorities (CBRC, CIRC, CSRC) is parallel with the accelerated pace of comprehensive management, in particular the success of a number of integrated business case is bound to be discussed in the regulatory issues, in the end what form, the future management of the three will be an integrated department or a unit of the following three sectors? definitely need to seriously consider and explore.
word, comprehensive management is not equal to Mixed, Mixed to chaos because of years, but the comprehensive management is in progress and rise above the mixed operation, so make sure to monitor, Zenmeyangzuo good comprehensive management, how to guard against risk? must have a very comprehensive monitoring system, mechanisms and institutions to do the comprehensive management success.
NetEase: Zhang put forward their concerns, who will monitor after integration? We would like to ask Ms. Hung, before you were involved in a number of mergers and acquisitions, according to your analysis, after the development of China's Ping An M & A deep, not fusion Where will the contradiction?
Hong Ying: I can not say at present, can introduce an example and this example of the global financial crisis situation is an open secret, you know, AIG is doing the original Insurance-based mixed operation, and later developed into the country's top boss of the consolidated operating entity, but why in the current financial turmoil was the combat and defeat it will affect the world? we know it has been basically split, and become a disguised form state. I attended the CEO, chief financial Cheung Kong Graduate School classes study, the financial crisis in September last year, Black 13 days we just on Wall Street, AIG's global chairman met, including the CEO, Consumer Finance Chairman and Chairman of Greater China, at the beginning When these things did not happen, we only as a very good case to us to give lectures over three days later without a problem, these leaders and deliberately arrived at the school where we were (Columbia University), while the one o'clock time with us On these issues, hope that China's enterprises can save them. then they told us that the U.S. government will likely be making, he said we must be dead, has been sentenced to death, only suspended it. (This is original words).
he told us the story, in the mixed operation process, there is a re-insurance business, then make a small investment bank, that is, we say that the athletes themselves have become judges, and then into the Zuozhuang the suzerain, the agency actually more than seventy thousand of their team only 30 a few people, AIG several hundred billion dollars of revenue a year, but annual income of this sector was more than thirty billion, but it led to AIG's wiped out, and why? is because the loss of control.
From this example, we can see so well in the United States arising under the financial control system tragic scene, leading to qualifying or two in the fall of large multinational groups , the real cause of their downfall is because of regulatory control, or under the seemingly comprehensive system of loopholes.
to China is concerned, our system now, especially in monitoring levels of several different departments, but the situation there is no uniform regulatory mechanism , I very much agree with Zhang said, a prerequisite for success is to do must be very good, strong coordination of the regulatory mechanism, if not impossible to do a good job, we were over there, Ye Hao Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch Well, the President told us what lectures, his story the next day to die, holding the box with our worship, the first words are all Chinese, including the initiator of the sub-prime come up with back to us about the CASE, as it what a good case, the result went bankrupt a few days into the lessons we learned. which is something we need to think carefully about the leadership issue, if these issues are not well of our own, in-depth Thinking to start doing (definitely not work), according to our own words was retaining only the original insurance. This is the U.S. government set the principles, I give you 700 billion, but definitely not allow you to do it again this kind of thing, people back down, we'll hand, they follow the people (the wrong way) to run in this premise, we need to have prepared, if not ready to start engaging in financial derivatives, including the world's financial accounting standards in these areas have not yet reached a consensus, based on what we have? regulatory policy? implemented What is the accounting system? are not prepared in these circumstances how this problem? This is what we need to consider.
NetEase: Guo said the two companies have your love I wish you, too, as lovers, we liked each other, but the real also agree, and now we face a problem, including major leaders earlier in his speech, the CBRC also said before, the financial crisis, in the future should be Mixing too, after the process is complicated not know which part of the loopholes in the collapse of the entire group. just teacher talk about the AIG Group, Hung had this situation.
but we certainly see the benefits of comprehensive management is self-evident, the service more efficient, able to provide one-stop financial services, I would like to service quality and efficiency will increase and the risk attendant risks, the financial industry Well, always in the efficiency and hold a balance between risks. Now in our ability to monitor the level and risk has not improved the situation, the pace of Mixed rush there will be problems go far too fast, everyone just talked about this issue. But the U.S. financial We often say that after the crisis is not a word future personnel of both sides to take over the business and do business integration, to avoid gulping situation; after completing the second is the integration of the advantages of the use of two platforms for deeper cooperation, development of more high-quality financial products, so as to achieve form an effective firewall between the effective risk isolation, it is very important; second, from an external point of view, our external regulatory agencies (line c will) discuss the formation of an effective mechanism for the formation of such an effective financial mechanism external supervision.
Now everyone has a grasp on the consolidated business and will not appear in the U.S. financial crisis, financial default swaps, we are a relatively small number of controllable risk financial products, if there is such a certainty, then Ping An Group has done with better internal control, the occurrence of 1 +1
NetEase Finance: Guo to make a point, in addition to external monitoring, the internal integration is also very important. China's Ping An Bank, Ping An has a following, it will not be competitive and deep development of the industry? everyone guess, they both one should be how to integrate? will not integrate together? still have other ways?
Tan Yaling: I think the concept of economic globalization, more and more people will be mixed industry, but should see that If you look at the situation in developed countries, their level of separation of Mixed higher than ours, and now they are from the sub-sector, Mixed went to a professional, specialized sub-sector should be the advanced stage, they emphasized that the characteristics of each financial institution, Both Citigroup, JP Morgan or any other bank, has its own unique characteristics, such as the main retail or wholesale level, this feature should play out. We are the state-owned specialized banks, the characteristics you can not lose, so that it does not the market appears homogeneous competition, separation of Ye Hao, professional Ye Hao, be sure to keep your long-term and advantages, such development can take a firm stand in order to obtain your unique market share experiences from the United States from China has been walked the road of reform and opening up, especially the last ten years of reform and development banks point of view, there should be some lessons, and now we are too serious homogenization, the overall competitiveness will bring great impact, whether it is safe or deep development, combined the advantages of the two together, where after, the future framework of how to maintain peace under the original plate, this is the need to think, rather than simply to the two banks combined together, for its characteristics profit point and the product should be concerned, so as to achieve the true meaning of the merger.
now we are often in the pursuit of a model and framework, and the West in pursuit of profits and goals, the goal is to take a firm position which , a firm which plate. We in the reform framework, organizational structure, and mergers and acquisitions, the merger process must be clear what to do, a clear point where our profit, advantage goes, I think this can be played on relatively long-term development good support, to achieve its desired effect.
Zhang Hongtao: I would like to add. Honourable concerns about the macro, the micro I have a fear that development is safe to buy a deep-fixed-price , 22, this 22 is a premium, the price can not be changed, why I started the judge is , and the additional 20 days before the suspension is the average price, if the stock market is good, peace will make money, if the extreme stock market decline, because bridge is about to share next year can be thawed in October, also in October next year a long time, if the stock market in the process has greatly changed, there will be a big problem.
According to the present written or unwritten, to whom the main offer, which belongs to the type of monitoring to go department, this is the safe acquisition of Shenzhen development, regulatory authorities should be the Insurance Regulatory Commission. I do things has always been within the scope of controllable risk controllable risk to do something before the next October 22 to ensure that prices dollars or more? You can control the risk? Or buy a time bomb?
NetEase Finance: The time bomb is also safe to buy more than one of these.
Hong Ying: This is my teacher talks was more concerned about and concern, everyone in the mergers and acquisitions, many are from the perspective of managers to consider issues such as the development of derivatives business or company, but few people mention this acquisition will bring any benefit to shareholder value? actually it is very critical, because the two are listed companies, you should be responsible to shareholders. But I see all the information point of view, which did not say what does this do to the shareholders, but just like Zhang teacher talk, such a high price for such a long lock-up period, once a change in the stock market, no matter which approach, the final winner is the new bridge, my initial estimates a bit, it can benefit from 9000000000-150 billion about.
Zhang Hongtao: No, between 14 to 15.5 billion.
Hong Ying: If this is the result, we can give the prospect of delivering value to shareholders in what areas? safe management did not explain this thing I think we need to think about this. In addition, no matter what kind of mergers and acquisitions, development and peace temporarily say something deep, from the professional level, when we have to consider the merger a very deep-seated problems, consider it financial structure, considering its unforeseen risks, which are completely beyond the concept of market or commercial transactions, the concept of non-commercial transactions something. like Coca-Cola to buy Huiyuan, as leadership, CEO are set well, but in the end there ( obstacle), anti-monopoly. We have to consider these factors, listed companies (decision) should be through the general meeting of shareholders, independent directors should be independent opinion on this, but now we do not see the independent director's independent opinion on this issue. < br> NetEase Finance: in April this year, where we witnessed a historic moment, SDB setting a maximum amount of transactions. peace rose 2.28% today, which is not too much, Shenzhen Development limit. Ping is currently trading volume at 4.06 billion, 4.08 billion development of deep, deep development of this data record 4.08 billion the maximum amount of history. We see this data how are you feeling? if you buy on the safe development of the still relatively optimistic about the deep.
Zhang Hongtao: in particular, a major shareholder, that the market development of deep recognition of the deal, safe start, also rose a lot, but later Raining Cats fall to less than inflation.
Hong Ying: From this point speaking, I have to admire the deep development of all the senior executives, including its current chairman, Mr. Newman, indeed the former U.S. Treasury Secretary, who is definitely in the capital master operation, absolutely we have to learn, but unfortunately We did not learn.
NetEase Finance: Hong teacher Huazhongyouhua ah feeling.
Hong Ying: (laughs) did not mean, but we should really study them in the whole concept, subject matter and timing of the control on are doing very well, you can look at the record two years, the stock limit the problem of insufficient capital adequacy ratio adjustment, Baosteel last intervention, the intervention of gold, and now is a safe intervention, you can see the process of this series.
Zhang Hongtao: Because he himself is a financial investor, Newbridge is certainly a financial investor, due to find out mechanisms, and their goal is fame and fortune, and now determined to win the development of deep peace, which is what investors as a ?
Hong Ying: This is very interesting, just a few teachers mentioned that a very interesting question, because we have a safe bank, after the acquisition of Shenzhen Development, Ping An Insurance has become the largest shareholder of Shenzhen Development, will be among their own will not compete with the industry? This is exactly the problem I just want to ask, as a deep investment in the development of safe large group, it is considered as a strategic investment or a financial investment considerations? otherwise and Ping An Bank should put in what position?
NetEase Finance: Tan teacher to ask the views of the teacher's point of view because of Tan and we are not the same every time. Do you think peace between the Bank and Shenzhen Development What is the relationship in the future?
Zhang Hongtao: Whatever it is investment, he has to make money.
Tan Yaling: I think the module from the bank, the deep development of the basic modules of the module may be better than the Ping An Bank, just a few teachers to the development of module efficiency and deep framework for peace than the relative Banks better. Ping An Insurance Ping An Bank had in a lot of the big limitations of the framework, and deep development as a bank, its impact in the market, including market, structure, customers and products, have a great share and roles.
NetEase Finance: What is the future we see or Ping An Bank Shenzhen Development Bank? the original network will be renamed?
Tan Yaling: hard to say.
Zhang Hongtao: I think the name change SDB do not change is the will of major shareholders, but for from the banking business, or in deep-oriented development must, as compared to Ping An Bank, Shenzhen Development Bank to be more mature in the business, while Ping An Bank credit card and other retail operations in the deep development of superior But I think deep development in the banking business will still play a leading role.
NetEase: I see that China is safe to say, the Ping An Bank customers are now only 15.7% coverage, but if added after Shenzhen Development , can reach more than 80% coverage, their strategy is proposed: a client account can enjoy through a variety of services and products. this phrase we how to analyze the trend of their future, SDB will often sell in China Ping An Insurance Business?
Zhang Hongtao: peace in the bank's insurance now account for about 15% of customers who want the future through the acquisition of Shenzhen Development Bank to customers in the insurance business in the possession of their share to 80%, I think this is a wonderful aspiration, but depends on the specific how to do. is now safe holding of the Shenzhen Development Bank, is the holding company's products can not? I think we may not. Bank worth mentioning, no matter whether the insurance company, capital is profit-driven, and the pursuit of profit Although you are my controlling shareholder, but you have difficulty in marketing the product in my place, I still will not sell you. Why is a bank insurance? many banks have their own insurance company, but not necessarily sold on the network its own that bank insurance, try to sell people the insurance company, which is a feature of China.
NetEase: Shenzhen Development Bank is the future there may be peace in China, but also Life.
Zhang Hongtao : China's current situation is like, but if the insurance of peace, certainly safe to sell their own, but if the peace of the product is poor, the good country life, perhaps traitorous longevity.
NetEase: If Ping Through the acquisition of Shenzhen Development Bank, said that the financial system should be a landmark event, we got the data, Bank of Communications and Bank of Beijing shares granted to insurance companies, but this, in turn, insurance companies, the acquisition of banks between the two What is the difference? Tan teachers how to look?
Tan Yaling: Now we are talking about a market behavior, market focus is to talk about the incident, but the problem is our system, our system, although the bank to purchase the insurance-based Ping An, But our regulators are separate, the insurance can not control the future does not depend on the agency, but on China's overall framework, including our discussion of capital markets, we continue to push the product, but our system is imperfect, we need to do is complete the system, and the market to match, not the market out of touch. We had something so exciting, if regulators do not pass the final would be for whatever reason? now clearly the case of separate supervision, If you become a mixed business model, which regulatory regime in the case of the core being regulated? This is the biggest problem, so much talk about China's financial building, we can not just put the Western model, framework, combinatorics over, and make It's culture, strategy, learning experience over, it is most important, no matter what you do you ultimately want to control risk is to make money, this is crucial, said so long time, so lively, but there are still question mark , not sure.
NetEase: Just now you said Zhang also has concerns, it is three parallel regulatory authorities, is not also need a other agencies and coordination of the three departments do?
Zhang Hongtao : No ...
Monday, December 27, 2010
Wolf
Wolf
Latin Literature Name: Canis lupus
English name: Wolf, Gray wolf
named person and the age of species: Linnaeus, 1758
synonyms:
Canis chanco Gray, 1863, < br> Canis coreanus Abe, 1923,
Canis ekloni Przewalski, 1883,
Canis filchren Matschie, 1907 or 1908,
Canis laniger Hodgson, 1847,
Canis tschilienius Matschie, 1907 or 1908,
Lupus filcheri Matschie, 1907,
Lupus karanorensis Matschie, 1907,
Lupus laniger Hodgson, Calcutta Jour. 1847,
Lupus tschiliensis Matschie, 1907
Chinese Synonyms: gray wolf, wolves, regardless of Sri Lanka to open , Randa, Qianuo, Niulu Qi, Mao dog, Joe Smith
families are classified:
Carnivora Carnivora,
Canidae Canidae
subfamily Caninae
dog is a dog Canis < br> Endangered rating:
Wolf lived a solitary life, typically a group of seven, each one must be for the groups of responsibility for the prosperity and development. wolf and the wolf with a tacit understanding between the decisive factor in the success of the wolf. Whatever they do, they are always depend on the group to accomplish it. wolf patience is always amazing, they can cost a goal for a long time and not feel tired. keen observation, specific goals, harmonious cooperation, curiosity, attention to detail and perseverance and patience so that wolves will be successful. wolf's attitude is very simple, that is, persistent yearning for success. In the wolf's life, there is no substitute for perseverance, because it makes the wolf to thousand million hard to survive heart. wolves cohesion, teamwork and training to become a decisive factor determining their survival. Because they are rarely threatened by other animals. wolf's ability to manage change so that they become the vitality of the Earth One of the toughest animals.
⊙ cooperation:
wolves live solitary lives, usually as a group of seven, each one must be for the groups of responsibility for the prosperity and development. West, but each employee homes, can cause West is West, pleasant every common cause.
⊙ unity:
tacit understanding between the wolf and the wolf as a wolf with a decisive success factor. Whatever they do, they can always depend on the group the power to accomplish.
⊙ Endurance:
keen observation, specific goals, harmonious cooperation, curiosity, patience, attention to detail and perseverance to the success of the wolf always.
⊙ attachment:
wolf's attitude is very simple, that is, persistent yearning for success.
⊙ struggle:
in the wolf's life, there is no substitute for perseverance, because it makes the wolf to thousands of Heart hardships to survive changes in the ability of controlling the wolf makes them the toughest on the planet one of the animals.
⊙ harmony:
order to survive, the wolf has maintained harmony with the natural environment, a symbiotic relationship, not involved in unnecessary disputes and conflicts. West can maintain domestic unity and mutual assistance, and stress cooperation and harmonious coexistence.
⊙ Loyalty:
wolves for bounty on the animals they have been very emotional, can be ordered to repay .
Wolves in religion and folklore
species traits:
greatest canine in size, shape like shepherds, body length 1500-2050 mm, 50 to 70 cm tall at the shoulder and weighs 26-79 kg. supple limbs, for the run; snout slightly pointed; ear on end; fluffy tail and long hair. upper body is generally pale yellow, yellowish, gray-brown and light gray, but mostly after the two coat, while black and white persons. abdomen and limbs inside the white, but the inner surface of the limbs and abdomen lighter coat color, coat color often due to different habitats and seasons are different. front foot 5 toes, hind toe 4. shoulders and black hair more tail diverse habitats, such as Carex, ice, grasslands, forests and deserts, etc. has its footprint. the north in winter, the wolf often cluster activities, and community structure; summer camp smaller families. field range up to 160-350 square feet km. temperament cruelty, the main prey rabbits, large rodents, deer, all kinds of wild goats and birds and fish .2-3 month mating, pregnancy, 60-63 days, an average of 7 per child, Aberdeen.
range:
widely distributed worldwide, but the current wolf distribution area has been greatly reduced, particularly in North America and Western Europe. wolves distributed in the country except Taiwan, Hainan Island and other islands, the various provinces, but mainly in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and the Tibetan population is less dense areas. wolf habitat and habits of adaptability. may include habitat for tundra, grassland, forest, desert, farmland and other habitats. altitudes does not limit its distribution in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is widely distributed wolf density is higher. in temperate grassland areas such as Mongolia (including Mongolia's Eastern Province, Kent Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China and Ximeng Hulunbeier league) is widely distributed wolf. wolf like less interference in the human food rich in certain hidden conditions to survive. in North China, central and southern provinces of the wolf's activities are limited to the mountain environment is not suitable for the development of small human environment. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and other provinces The distribution of the wolf is limited to mountainous areas.
mainly provinces:
Beijing Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang Jiangsu Zhejiang Anhui Jiangxi, Henan and Hubei Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan Tibet, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia 陕西
distributed in the following Conservation Area:
Tiantangzhai Xinglongshan Whitewater River (Gansu) Boolean spruce root beaver Setsurei Xishui Tuomuer Dongzhai bird Fanjingshan Jigongshan Macaque Baotianman (the Township) Honghe Xingkai directions after the River Lake Jiugongshan Shennongjia Lake Poyang Momoge Wuyi Mountain (Jiangxi) Taohongling EXECUTIVE Laotudingzi Liupanshan Laotudingzi Roshan (Ningxia) Qinghai Lake Foping Wolong Pangquangou Jinfo Taibaishan Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Everest Tarim Populus Mangkang Ganjiahu Nu Haloxylon forest Gaoligongshan Daweishan Tongbiguan Qingliangfeng Mount Gaoligongshan (Zhejiang) Gutianshan Sanjiang (Heilongjiang) Saihanwula Baxianshan subtropical rain forest of Populus euphratica Linnanjingnan
mountain lakes located in the following:
Altun Altun Altun Mountains in the Dabie Guandi Article Helan Mountain Karakorum Mountains Kunlun Mountains - the western part of Kunlun Mountains - east Kunlun Mountains - the middle of Lu Xiangshan Mountain teeth Liupanshan Taihang Mountain Taiyue Jieshan Qingliangfeng Junggar and Tianshan Qinling mountains, valleys and Variety Pamirs Lake Kunlun Mountains
habits:
wolf clusters or individual activities. small group of integration during the breeding season, the winter in North America taiga zone composed of a larger group of wolves often eat ungulate prey. In Alaska, the largest up to 36 wolves, but generally not more than 20. up to a group of up to 21. wolves vary greatly in size, often depending on the season and predation of the situation is different and change. wolf food ingredients are mixed, all animals are able to catch their food, including birds, amphibians and insects and other small animals. wolf occasionally eat plant food. wolves like to eat wild and domesticated ungulates. wolf phenomenon of eating at home and abroad have been reported, but this is only happen in exceptional circumstances.
Population Status:
China is the largest wolf population in the world. But of the wolf population has never been systematically investigated, it is difficult to make a ballpark figure. Hulunbeier recently on the Inner Mongolia Grassland accurate survey of the wolf; wolf population does not exceed 2,000 head. in the Northwest region of the wolf population is no report .
To risk factors:
wolf populations in some countries, less has been listed as endangered species. However, in many countries not included in the protection of animals. In some countries, including the distribution of wolf habitat destruction due and smaller. of a long time, the wolf as vermin to be eliminated, and to encourage the capture and killing of animals shall be rewarded. with their habitats shrinking habitat in recent decades, the wolf population is clearly smaller, and many distribution over the last wolf has not seen its tracks. wolf fur of good quality and some of its organs are used as medicine, is also a factor that led to being hunted.
rearing conditions:
wolf is widely distributed, common species domestic and foreign small zoo as a watch. Lafayette, Indiana Wolf Park City had 150 wolves have been raised, which is feeding the world, where most wolves. of keeping wolf numbers is not clear.
Existing conservation measures:
international will now extinct Mexican wolf as a wild (EW), the wolf will be Portugal and Spain as low risk (LR / cd), the Italian wolf as Vulnerable ( VU) (IUCN, 1996). International Convention on Endangered Species (CITES) listed the wolf that a species in Appendix II, and the Bhutan, Nepal, India and Pakistan as the wolf population in Appendix I species. can be seen on the wolf the importance of protection. by the idea of a long time, China is currently no existing laws to protect the wolf. On the contrary, the general continues to believe that the wolf is vermin should be eliminated.
protection measures proposed:
1) carrying out scientific study, the wolf population response to the national, sub-species differentiation of a full investigation to identify the number of wolf distribution and population status of its scientific assessment of benefit and harm, so as to formulate a series of protection and control measures.
2) strengthening the legal system Management should consider the prohibition of arbitrary killing of wolves. there wolves cause serious harm in the area, take the necessary measures to control the wolf population, it must be based on expert evaluation, leadership organized manner.
3 ) to strengthen international cooperation, in particular strengthening of the adjacent CIS, Mongolia, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan and other countries of the collaboration.
Subspecies:
Canis lupus alces (Kenai Peninsula Wolf) Kenai Mountain Wolf ( extinction)
Canis lupus arctos (Melville Island Wolf, Arctic wolf) wolves
Canis lupus baileyi (Mexican Wolf) Mexican wolves
Canis lupus beothucus (Newfoundland Wolf) Newfoundland wolf (extinct)
Canis lupus bernardi (Banks Island Tundra Wolf) Banks Island Tundra Wolf
Canis lupus columbianus (British Columbian Wolf) British Columbia wolves
Canis lupus crassodon (Vancouver Island Wolf) Vancouver Wolf
Canis lupus fuscus ( Cascade Mountains Wolf) Little Falls Mountain Wolf
Canis lupus hudsonicus (Hudson Bay Wolf) Hudson Bay Wolf
Canis lupus griseoalbus (Manitoba Wolf) Manitoba wolf
Canis lupus irremotus (Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf ) Northern Rocky Mountain wolf
Canis lupus labradorius (Labrador Wolf) Labrador wolf
Canis lupus ligoni (Alexander Archipelago Wolf) Alexander Archipelago wolf
Canis lupus lycaon (Eastern timber wolf) in eastern Minnesota
Canis lupus mackenzii (Mackenzie Tundra Wolf) Michigan tundra wolf
Canis lupus manningi (Baffin Island Tundra Wolf) Baffin Island Tundra Wolf
Canis lupus mogollonensis (Mogollon Mountain Wolf) extinction
Canis lupus monstrabilis (Texas Gray Wolf ) Texas gray wolf (extinct)
Canis lupus nubilus (Great Plains Wolf, Buffalo Wolf) Great Plains wolf, buffalo wolf
Canis lupus occidentalis (Mackenzie Valley Wolf) Wolf
Canis Michigan Valley lupus orion (Greenland Wolf) Greenland wolf
Canis lupus pambasileus (Interior Alaskan Wolf) interior Alaska wolf
Canis lupus tundrarum (Alaska Tundra Wolf) Alaska tundra wolf
Canis lupus youngi (Southern Rocky Mountain Wolf) South Rocky Mountain wolf (extinct)
Canis lupus albus (Tundra Wolf) Tundra Wolf (Europe)
Canis lupus arabs (Arabian wolf) Arab wolf
Canis lupus campestris (Steppe Wolf) Wolf
Canis Siberian Plain lupus communis (Central Russian Wolf) Russian wolf
Canis lupus cubanensis (Caspian Sea Wolf) Caspian Sea Wolf
Canis lupus deitanus (Spanish wolf) Spanish wolf (extinct)
Canis lupus hattai (Japanese wolf) Japanese wolf ( extinction)
Canis lupus hodophilax (Hondo Japanese wolf) Wolf of the Island (extinct)
Canis lupus italicus (Italian Wolf) Italian wolf
Canis lupus laniger (Tibetan Wolf) Chinese wolf
Canis lupus lupaster ( Egyptian Wolf) Egypt wolf
Canis lupus lupus (Common Wolf) ordinary wolf subspecies (Europe and Russia)
Canis lupus minor (Austro-Hungary Wolf) Austria-Hungary wolf
Canis lupus pallipes (Indian, Iranian , Asiatic wolf) Asian wolf
Canis lupus signatus (Iberian Wolf) Iberian wolf
information: the global status of the wolf
United States: distribution of the wolf is the largest state, Alaska, investigating the eighties, the highest 5,000 ~ 6,500 head; have a new population growth since the nineties, up to 7,000 head. Minnesota, about 2,000 head, Wisconsin 40, Michigan 30. In Alaska, wolves are still covering a total area of the state 85% had almost equal to the distribution history. In the past few decades, Alaska has suspended the state government within the scope of the wolf control program. It strengthens the restrictions on the hunting behavior of wolves, is strictly prohibited and air poisoning hunting the abolition of hunting wolves from the government to pay money, and control the activities of fight wolves and wolf trapping. the state legislature also set aside a large area of the state's National Park, where wolves were fully protected. wolves increase in the number it also brings drawbacks, ADF & G Organization (theAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame) warned that many important areas the number of animals available for hunting increase the wolf population has decreased significantly. For example, the number of Delta caribou head from 10,700 in 1989 down to 5,000 in 1992 to 6,000 head. studies show that wolves and grizzly bears is causing this decline in the margin. Therefore, ADF & G organization in 1992 established a series of steps to prepare the wolf population down to an appropriate level. However, due to the resistance of public opinion, public opinion opposed to this plan and more, they can not believe the implementation of the Plan, the wolf population will remain stable or increase, rather than being extinct So, originally scheduled for implementation in 1993, the wolf management plan had to let the matter rest.
Canada: Canada is the world's wolf population has one of the largest. the country by scientists as Wolf savings bank. the wolf's survival, leading to the wolf distribution range in both the number and greatly reduced. Although no precise statistics on the number of wolves decreased, but the settlers and the farm near the wilderness of people believe this decline is real, official wildlife management agencies have confirmed this report. In the past, people shot, as the main way to trap a large number of hunting wolves. In this century, 50's and 60's, some regional and provincial government departments within their jurisdiction has also conducted a large-scale killing wolves. the government to allow any hunters to set traps to capture the wolf, the Institute also directs the Canadian fur trapping by using the appropriate methods to capture the wolf, so that the skins are exported to the EC member states successfully. Today This trend has been reversed, and all are suitable wolf habitat for the wolf's trail, which covers an area of about 86% over the past range. from all jurisdictions relevant departments and research scientists engaged in wolf density made Wolves distribution statistics and view the current wolf population in Canada is about 50,000 to 60,000 head. wildlife managers reported that in most regions and provinces, the number of wolves remained stable or in a growth state.
to in the past decade, the number of wolf hunting in Canada had dropped dramatically, and this trend continued .1983 An estimated 3,738 wolves are hunting, hunting in 1990 estimated at 2,285 head, a drop of 40%. The reason is with the northern region the transformation of socio-economic means, people who make a living by hunting the wolf has been greatly reduced. hunting down the number of the most obvious area is Ontario, Manitoba, Sa tear Kache temperature, Alberta and Colombia. in which the total decline in Ontario accounted for 70%, from 1,300 in 1983 to head down to 350 in 1990. In addition, the management of wolves in Canada brought to the hunting is no longer just means that the government wolf management has begun to educate the public understanding of wolves in nature status, protection of wolf habitat and the significance of the number of wolves, and minimize conflicts between wolves and humans. in the minds of the people the wolf is no longer a legend centuries of allegorical story of the On the contrary, now the people of Canada that the wolf is a symbol of wilderness, a very respected. At present, at least in some areas, wolves have a degree of protection, the total area of these regions there are about 218,000 square kilometers, about the Canadian territory of 2.5% of the total area .
Mexico: the Mexican wolf is the best in North America, a subspecies of the southern, mainly in the narrow range in northwestern Mexico, about the number 50.
Romania: about 2,500 wolves, mainly In the middle of the Carpathian mountains; In addition, 50 wolves living in the lowland forest south-east. In winter, the wolf by the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains or migrate to the lowlands in southern Romania. the local main prey of the wolf is a wild boar (susscrofalinneaus) and roe deer (copreoluscapredus). there is no legal protection for wolves in Romania. As the local valuable skins, which allows hunting at any time throughout the year, but did not take poison measures. according to official records, each estimated to kill 250 wolves (Note: for the total number of 1 / 10). to kill a wolf, the government gave the hunter $ 5 bonus. Recently, the Government has begun to study to determine exactly how many wolves would only be appropriate to stay in the local ungulates (mainly red deer (cervusnippontemminck)) always survive. there is a region, the wolf was shot and killed or captured, the lower the density of wolves to livestock benefit from the rapid doubling the number of red deer head.
Hungary: Hungary, the history of the northern parts of the wolf, 907 to 1908, the wolf was shot. At present in Hungary can be seen only in the eastern wolf. According to hunt and observations, 1920 to 1930, the largest number of wolves .1940 to 1950, the minimum number of wolf .960 ~ 1980, wolf population has increased. In recent years, central and southern regions in Hungary re-established through the breeding of small populations of a wolf. The area is mainly larch (pinusgmelini) forest, a dense young forest grow, in order to provide a good habitat for the wolf and hidden conditions. Hungary established the small wolf populations with the surrounding countries such as Slovakia's population, improvement of population quality of each other. In Hungary, the wolf hunt deer, wild goats and livestock, they are so protected. but once the cause greater hazard, priority is still allowed to be hunted.
Slovakia: World War II, almost all regions of the wolf extinct in Slovakia, but World War II increased the number of wolves. After the war, a hunter by control of hunting and killing large number of wolves .1975 established the national park, wolves are protected in Slovakia for the first time, and provides for an annual March 1 to September 15, up to 6 months are not allowed to hunt wolves. now Slovakia has become the wolf population of about 300 or so is nearly 200 years, the largest population. protection of the wolf is the most difficult concept of the wolf people still need to change. wolf prey in Slovakia is the red deer, roe deer, wild boar and wild goats. pastoral areas in the Alps, there is a hunted wolf. In western Slovakia, not the forest, the wolf population in areas difficult to survive. non-protected areas and hunting wolves bonus, a wolf hunting, wolf hunting by the Government wages equivalent to about three weeks. Every year about 120 wolves in the hunt, (up to 40% of the total), does not killing too many. other wolves attack people infected with rabies have occurred from time, they have been a lot of killing . At present, there is no official management of a program.
Yugoslavia: in the central mountainous area of about 2,000 wolves live in the southwestern part of Slovenia to Yugoslavia, has rabies, but the wolves have been brought under control. In a study program in Bosnia near Sarajevo, but years of civil war in recent years, plans can only be postponed. wolf had a higher mortality rate, however, interrupt the research work on the wolf population here is almost no understanding of the dynamics.
Russia: Siberian Chukchi Peninsula, the most northeastern found a stable number of 400 to 500 wolf population. peninsula in Ta Muer increase in the number of wolves, but wolves in the Kamchatka Peninsula has reduced the number of .1980, the wolf, the wolf badger (gulogulolinnaeus) and snow sheep (ovisnivicolaeschscholtz) were being illegally used helicopters conducted a lot of hunting, the discovery has been stopped. Chukchi Peninsula wolf is due to increase in the number of government and economic changes, the region is not engaged in hunting activities; helicopter poaching has been stopped; a clear result of climate change, about 12,000 reindeer (rangifertaranduslinnaeus) to provide sufficient food for the wolf from October In 1991, the number of reindeer in the U.S. Wrangell Island too much, by the introduction of three wolf Chukchi Peninsula, and two male wolves to control the number of reindeer.
Middle East countries: the wolf population is as follows: Egypt (Sinai) 30 or so, the Arabian Peninsula 300 ~ 600 head around, Jordan 200, Israel 100 ~ 150, Lebanon 10, Syria 200 to 500, not more than 1,000 head of Iran, Afghanistan, about 1,000 head of Iraq and Turkey, an unknown quantity.
the former Soviet Union had a vast territory , the wolf population than any country in the world. With the economic development of this century, the wolf distribution area has expanded. After World War II, the maximum number of wolves more than 150,000 head in 1946 was 62,600 head killed the Soviet Union, only Russia 40,000 head to kill the late .60 ~ 70,000 population dropped to 60,000 head. With the economy changes, population increase in 80 years. current population status is not clear, because there is no investigation.
India: India's wolves two subspecies: Minnesota (canislupuschanco) and the Indian wolf (canislupuspallipes). the former is only distributed in the northern Indian Himalayas high altitude regions, the latter located in the arid and semi-arid steppe. India's wolf population is estimated at 1,000 to 2,000 head . This number fewer than the tiger in India [8]. but the wolf as the main predators and grasslands of India m the main species of shrub zone, and not been given due attention and protection. Although the Indian wolf is listed as endangered species protected by law, but because of the wolf in most parts of India to small livestock such as goats, sheep for food, the wolf eats a sheep each, for the local poor pastoralists are a huge economic losses, so the legal constraints very difficult to play the desired effect. It nests and kill the wolf with the smoke of their cubs, as wolves were shot and poisoned. At present, western India Vera Vada National Park is the only Wolf Conservation Area.
China: China was once the largest wolf population in the world. but the wolf population has never been systematically investigated, it is difficult to propose a precise figure. Hulunbeier recent coyote on the Inner Mongolia The population survey showed that: the number of wolves does not exceed 2,000 head. At present, most areas are still producing the wolf in the northwest, Inner Mongolia, Northeast China and parts of Xinjiang. but from habitat destruction and hunting has long been a large number of people, making the wolf in our distribution area is much narrower distribution of the national past, and now only found in the area north of latitude 30 degrees, basically was massive distribution, has been largely extinct in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Even in the north forest, grasslands, wolves are only occasionally seen. There is no established specifically to protect the wolf's protected areas.
IUCN-SSC Wolf Group in September 1993 5 to 7 days held in Stockholm, Sweden, the first international Wolf Protection Conference, adopted the Declaration of wolf protection: the wolf as a species is proposed, with highly developed social behavior, in natural ecosystems have an important role and status should be protected. The European Association for the establishment of a research collaboration Wolf, to participate in 27 countries. developed a wolf research and conservation programs, regular meetings, publish the wolf population dynamics of the material, the full cooperation of the wolf.
wolf originated in the New World, dating back some five hundred years - - flourished before the human, the wolf was the world's most widely distributed wild animals. widely distributed in Europe, Asia, the Americas, the wolf in North America alone has the record of 23 species, subspecies as many wins enumeration hh
Wolves are canines, wolves alert, suspicious, very similar morphology and dogs, but more oblique eyes, mouth slightly wider, the tail is shorter and has never rolled up and down between the hind legs, erect ears, not music, have sharp canine teeth, Wolf's vision, a very sensitive sense of smell and hearing, the wolf's fur with white, black, variegated hh specifically different, wolves generally have more than 40 kg body weight, together with the 40 cm-long tail, the average length 154 cm, shoulder height There is a meter, the female wolf wolf's body smaller than the male of about 20%.
wolf is basically carnivores, the wolf ate too much, one can devour more than ten kilograms of meat, in summer occasionally eat grass, buds or berries, but often the food is rabbits, rodents, beavers, but also catch birds sometimes.
cohabitation of male and female wolves, hunting in groups. wolf is the use of the largest groups in the role of ability, than they are large enough to kill number of herbivorous animals. Each has a certain level of wolves in the system, each member of the very clear understanding of their identity, so each other, very few acts of hatred and fighting. On the contrary, in rounding up prey and co-Nurture context, also showed a spirit of friendship and cooperation. It seems from the historical data, although in Europe against a large number of livestock on the wolf, attack the human record, but the North American continent in the wolves together, but almost no one wolf attack records.
ancient people painted the image of the wolf stone walls, the heart filled with wonder; Eskimos and Indians have long recognized the outstanding characteristics of the wolf, and many Indian tribes also Wolves selected for their totem, they respect the wolf of courage, wisdom and amazing skills, they value the existence of wolves, and even that on Earth, in addition to shotguns, poison and traps, and almost all the rival wolf.
back ancient times, our ancestors full respect for the wolf, ancient times, people believe that a living mammal predators are some other race, there are people who worship their magic power, the human no doubt as to his own tribe is this or that Animal Magic is a member of race, something between them to be revered their ancestors, to put this ...
Latin Literature Name: Canis lupus
English name: Wolf, Gray wolf
named person and the age of species: Linnaeus, 1758
synonyms:
Canis chanco Gray, 1863, < br> Canis coreanus Abe, 1923,
Canis ekloni Przewalski, 1883,
Canis filchren Matschie, 1907 or 1908,
Canis laniger Hodgson, 1847,
Canis tschilienius Matschie, 1907 or 1908,
Lupus filcheri Matschie, 1907,
Lupus karanorensis Matschie, 1907,
Lupus laniger Hodgson, Calcutta Jour. 1847,
Lupus tschiliensis Matschie, 1907
Chinese Synonyms: gray wolf, wolves, regardless of Sri Lanka to open , Randa, Qianuo, Niulu Qi, Mao dog, Joe Smith
families are classified:
Carnivora Carnivora,
Canidae Canidae
subfamily Caninae
dog is a dog Canis < br> Endangered rating:
Wolf lived a solitary life, typically a group of seven, each one must be for the groups of responsibility for the prosperity and development. wolf and the wolf with a tacit understanding between the decisive factor in the success of the wolf. Whatever they do, they are always depend on the group to accomplish it. wolf patience is always amazing, they can cost a goal for a long time and not feel tired. keen observation, specific goals, harmonious cooperation, curiosity, attention to detail and perseverance and patience so that wolves will be successful. wolf's attitude is very simple, that is, persistent yearning for success. In the wolf's life, there is no substitute for perseverance, because it makes the wolf to thousand million hard to survive heart. wolves cohesion, teamwork and training to become a decisive factor determining their survival. Because they are rarely threatened by other animals. wolf's ability to manage change so that they become the vitality of the Earth One of the toughest animals.
⊙ cooperation:
wolves live solitary lives, usually as a group of seven, each one must be for the groups of responsibility for the prosperity and development. West, but each employee homes, can cause West is West, pleasant every common cause.
⊙ unity:
tacit understanding between the wolf and the wolf as a wolf with a decisive success factor. Whatever they do, they can always depend on the group the power to accomplish.
⊙ Endurance:
keen observation, specific goals, harmonious cooperation, curiosity, patience, attention to detail and perseverance to the success of the wolf always.
⊙ attachment:
wolf's attitude is very simple, that is, persistent yearning for success.
⊙ struggle:
in the wolf's life, there is no substitute for perseverance, because it makes the wolf to thousands of Heart hardships to survive changes in the ability of controlling the wolf makes them the toughest on the planet one of the animals.
⊙ harmony:
order to survive, the wolf has maintained harmony with the natural environment, a symbiotic relationship, not involved in unnecessary disputes and conflicts. West can maintain domestic unity and mutual assistance, and stress cooperation and harmonious coexistence.
⊙ Loyalty:
wolves for bounty on the animals they have been very emotional, can be ordered to repay .
Wolves in religion and folklore
species traits:
greatest canine in size, shape like shepherds, body length 1500-2050 mm, 50 to 70 cm tall at the shoulder and weighs 26-79 kg. supple limbs, for the run; snout slightly pointed; ear on end; fluffy tail and long hair. upper body is generally pale yellow, yellowish, gray-brown and light gray, but mostly after the two coat, while black and white persons. abdomen and limbs inside the white, but the inner surface of the limbs and abdomen lighter coat color, coat color often due to different habitats and seasons are different. front foot 5 toes, hind toe 4. shoulders and black hair more tail diverse habitats, such as Carex, ice, grasslands, forests and deserts, etc. has its footprint. the north in winter, the wolf often cluster activities, and community structure; summer camp smaller families. field range up to 160-350 square feet km. temperament cruelty, the main prey rabbits, large rodents, deer, all kinds of wild goats and birds and fish .2-3 month mating, pregnancy, 60-63 days, an average of 7 per child, Aberdeen.
range:
widely distributed worldwide, but the current wolf distribution area has been greatly reduced, particularly in North America and Western Europe. wolves distributed in the country except Taiwan, Hainan Island and other islands, the various provinces, but mainly in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and the Tibetan population is less dense areas. wolf habitat and habits of adaptability. may include habitat for tundra, grassland, forest, desert, farmland and other habitats. altitudes does not limit its distribution in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is widely distributed wolf density is higher. in temperate grassland areas such as Mongolia (including Mongolia's Eastern Province, Kent Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China and Ximeng Hulunbeier league) is widely distributed wolf. wolf like less interference in the human food rich in certain hidden conditions to survive. in North China, central and southern provinces of the wolf's activities are limited to the mountain environment is not suitable for the development of small human environment. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and other provinces The distribution of the wolf is limited to mountainous areas.
mainly provinces:
Beijing Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang Jiangsu Zhejiang Anhui Jiangxi, Henan and Hubei Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan Tibet, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia 陕西
distributed in the following Conservation Area:
Tiantangzhai Xinglongshan Whitewater River (Gansu) Boolean spruce root beaver Setsurei Xishui Tuomuer Dongzhai bird Fanjingshan Jigongshan Macaque Baotianman (the Township) Honghe Xingkai directions after the River Lake Jiugongshan Shennongjia Lake Poyang Momoge Wuyi Mountain (Jiangxi) Taohongling EXECUTIVE Laotudingzi Liupanshan Laotudingzi Roshan (Ningxia) Qinghai Lake Foping Wolong Pangquangou Jinfo Taibaishan Yunnan snub-nosed monkey Everest Tarim Populus Mangkang Ganjiahu Nu Haloxylon forest Gaoligongshan Daweishan Tongbiguan Qingliangfeng Mount Gaoligongshan (Zhejiang) Gutianshan Sanjiang (Heilongjiang) Saihanwula Baxianshan subtropical rain forest of Populus euphratica Linnanjingnan
mountain lakes located in the following:
Altun Altun Altun Mountains in the Dabie Guandi Article Helan Mountain Karakorum Mountains Kunlun Mountains - the western part of Kunlun Mountains - east Kunlun Mountains - the middle of Lu Xiangshan Mountain teeth Liupanshan Taihang Mountain Taiyue Jieshan Qingliangfeng Junggar and Tianshan Qinling mountains, valleys and Variety Pamirs Lake Kunlun Mountains
habits:
wolf clusters or individual activities. small group of integration during the breeding season, the winter in North America taiga zone composed of a larger group of wolves often eat ungulate prey. In Alaska, the largest up to 36 wolves, but generally not more than 20. up to a group of up to 21. wolves vary greatly in size, often depending on the season and predation of the situation is different and change. wolf food ingredients are mixed, all animals are able to catch their food, including birds, amphibians and insects and other small animals. wolf occasionally eat plant food. wolves like to eat wild and domesticated ungulates. wolf phenomenon of eating at home and abroad have been reported, but this is only happen in exceptional circumstances.
Population Status:
China is the largest wolf population in the world. But of the wolf population has never been systematically investigated, it is difficult to make a ballpark figure. Hulunbeier recently on the Inner Mongolia Grassland accurate survey of the wolf; wolf population does not exceed 2,000 head. in the Northwest region of the wolf population is no report .
To risk factors:
wolf populations in some countries, less has been listed as endangered species. However, in many countries not included in the protection of animals. In some countries, including the distribution of wolf habitat destruction due and smaller. of a long time, the wolf as vermin to be eliminated, and to encourage the capture and killing of animals shall be rewarded. with their habitats shrinking habitat in recent decades, the wolf population is clearly smaller, and many distribution over the last wolf has not seen its tracks. wolf fur of good quality and some of its organs are used as medicine, is also a factor that led to being hunted.
rearing conditions:
wolf is widely distributed, common species domestic and foreign small zoo as a watch. Lafayette, Indiana Wolf Park City had 150 wolves have been raised, which is feeding the world, where most wolves. of keeping wolf numbers is not clear.
Existing conservation measures:
international will now extinct Mexican wolf as a wild (EW), the wolf will be Portugal and Spain as low risk (LR / cd), the Italian wolf as Vulnerable ( VU) (IUCN, 1996). International Convention on Endangered Species (CITES) listed the wolf that a species in Appendix II, and the Bhutan, Nepal, India and Pakistan as the wolf population in Appendix I species. can be seen on the wolf the importance of protection. by the idea of a long time, China is currently no existing laws to protect the wolf. On the contrary, the general continues to believe that the wolf is vermin should be eliminated.
protection measures proposed:
1) carrying out scientific study, the wolf population response to the national, sub-species differentiation of a full investigation to identify the number of wolf distribution and population status of its scientific assessment of benefit and harm, so as to formulate a series of protection and control measures.
2) strengthening the legal system Management should consider the prohibition of arbitrary killing of wolves. there wolves cause serious harm in the area, take the necessary measures to control the wolf population, it must be based on expert evaluation, leadership organized manner.
3 ) to strengthen international cooperation, in particular strengthening of the adjacent CIS, Mongolia, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan and other countries of the collaboration.
Subspecies:
Canis lupus alces (Kenai Peninsula Wolf) Kenai Mountain Wolf ( extinction)
Canis lupus arctos (Melville Island Wolf, Arctic wolf) wolves
Canis lupus baileyi (Mexican Wolf) Mexican wolves
Canis lupus beothucus (Newfoundland Wolf) Newfoundland wolf (extinct)
Canis lupus bernardi (Banks Island Tundra Wolf) Banks Island Tundra Wolf
Canis lupus columbianus (British Columbian Wolf) British Columbia wolves
Canis lupus crassodon (Vancouver Island Wolf) Vancouver Wolf
Canis lupus fuscus ( Cascade Mountains Wolf) Little Falls Mountain Wolf
Canis lupus hudsonicus (Hudson Bay Wolf) Hudson Bay Wolf
Canis lupus griseoalbus (Manitoba Wolf) Manitoba wolf
Canis lupus irremotus (Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf ) Northern Rocky Mountain wolf
Canis lupus labradorius (Labrador Wolf) Labrador wolf
Canis lupus ligoni (Alexander Archipelago Wolf) Alexander Archipelago wolf
Canis lupus lycaon (Eastern timber wolf) in eastern Minnesota
Canis lupus mackenzii (Mackenzie Tundra Wolf) Michigan tundra wolf
Canis lupus manningi (Baffin Island Tundra Wolf) Baffin Island Tundra Wolf
Canis lupus mogollonensis (Mogollon Mountain Wolf) extinction
Canis lupus monstrabilis (Texas Gray Wolf ) Texas gray wolf (extinct)
Canis lupus nubilus (Great Plains Wolf, Buffalo Wolf) Great Plains wolf, buffalo wolf
Canis lupus occidentalis (Mackenzie Valley Wolf) Wolf
Canis Michigan Valley lupus orion (Greenland Wolf) Greenland wolf
Canis lupus pambasileus (Interior Alaskan Wolf) interior Alaska wolf
Canis lupus tundrarum (Alaska Tundra Wolf) Alaska tundra wolf
Canis lupus youngi (Southern Rocky Mountain Wolf) South Rocky Mountain wolf (extinct)
Canis lupus albus (Tundra Wolf) Tundra Wolf (Europe)
Canis lupus arabs (Arabian wolf) Arab wolf
Canis lupus campestris (Steppe Wolf) Wolf
Canis Siberian Plain lupus communis (Central Russian Wolf) Russian wolf
Canis lupus cubanensis (Caspian Sea Wolf) Caspian Sea Wolf
Canis lupus deitanus (Spanish wolf) Spanish wolf (extinct)
Canis lupus hattai (Japanese wolf) Japanese wolf ( extinction)
Canis lupus hodophilax (Hondo Japanese wolf) Wolf of the Island (extinct)
Canis lupus italicus (Italian Wolf) Italian wolf
Canis lupus laniger (Tibetan Wolf) Chinese wolf
Canis lupus lupaster ( Egyptian Wolf) Egypt wolf
Canis lupus lupus (Common Wolf) ordinary wolf subspecies (Europe and Russia)
Canis lupus minor (Austro-Hungary Wolf) Austria-Hungary wolf
Canis lupus pallipes (Indian, Iranian , Asiatic wolf) Asian wolf
Canis lupus signatus (Iberian Wolf) Iberian wolf
information: the global status of the wolf
United States: distribution of the wolf is the largest state, Alaska, investigating the eighties, the highest 5,000 ~ 6,500 head; have a new population growth since the nineties, up to 7,000 head. Minnesota, about 2,000 head, Wisconsin 40, Michigan 30. In Alaska, wolves are still covering a total area of the state 85% had almost equal to the distribution history. In the past few decades, Alaska has suspended the state government within the scope of the wolf control program. It strengthens the restrictions on the hunting behavior of wolves, is strictly prohibited and air poisoning hunting the abolition of hunting wolves from the government to pay money, and control the activities of fight wolves and wolf trapping. the state legislature also set aside a large area of the state's National Park, where wolves were fully protected. wolves increase in the number it also brings drawbacks, ADF & G Organization (theAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame) warned that many important areas the number of animals available for hunting increase the wolf population has decreased significantly. For example, the number of Delta caribou head from 10,700 in 1989 down to 5,000 in 1992 to 6,000 head. studies show that wolves and grizzly bears is causing this decline in the margin. Therefore, ADF & G organization in 1992 established a series of steps to prepare the wolf population down to an appropriate level. However, due to the resistance of public opinion, public opinion opposed to this plan and more, they can not believe the implementation of the Plan, the wolf population will remain stable or increase, rather than being extinct So, originally scheduled for implementation in 1993, the wolf management plan had to let the matter rest.
Canada: Canada is the world's wolf population has one of the largest. the country by scientists as Wolf savings bank. the wolf's survival, leading to the wolf distribution range in both the number and greatly reduced. Although no precise statistics on the number of wolves decreased, but the settlers and the farm near the wilderness of people believe this decline is real, official wildlife management agencies have confirmed this report. In the past, people shot, as the main way to trap a large number of hunting wolves. In this century, 50's and 60's, some regional and provincial government departments within their jurisdiction has also conducted a large-scale killing wolves. the government to allow any hunters to set traps to capture the wolf, the Institute also directs the Canadian fur trapping by using the appropriate methods to capture the wolf, so that the skins are exported to the EC member states successfully. Today This trend has been reversed, and all are suitable wolf habitat for the wolf's trail, which covers an area of about 86% over the past range. from all jurisdictions relevant departments and research scientists engaged in wolf density made Wolves distribution statistics and view the current wolf population in Canada is about 50,000 to 60,000 head. wildlife managers reported that in most regions and provinces, the number of wolves remained stable or in a growth state.
to in the past decade, the number of wolf hunting in Canada had dropped dramatically, and this trend continued .1983 An estimated 3,738 wolves are hunting, hunting in 1990 estimated at 2,285 head, a drop of 40%. The reason is with the northern region the transformation of socio-economic means, people who make a living by hunting the wolf has been greatly reduced. hunting down the number of the most obvious area is Ontario, Manitoba, Sa tear Kache temperature, Alberta and Colombia. in which the total decline in Ontario accounted for 70%, from 1,300 in 1983 to head down to 350 in 1990. In addition, the management of wolves in Canada brought to the hunting is no longer just means that the government wolf management has begun to educate the public understanding of wolves in nature status, protection of wolf habitat and the significance of the number of wolves, and minimize conflicts between wolves and humans. in the minds of the people the wolf is no longer a legend centuries of allegorical story of the On the contrary, now the people of Canada that the wolf is a symbol of wilderness, a very respected. At present, at least in some areas, wolves have a degree of protection, the total area of these regions there are about 218,000 square kilometers, about the Canadian territory of 2.5% of the total area .
Mexico: the Mexican wolf is the best in North America, a subspecies of the southern, mainly in the narrow range in northwestern Mexico, about the number 50.
Romania: about 2,500 wolves, mainly In the middle of the Carpathian mountains; In addition, 50 wolves living in the lowland forest south-east. In winter, the wolf by the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains or migrate to the lowlands in southern Romania. the local main prey of the wolf is a wild boar (susscrofalinneaus) and roe deer (copreoluscapredus). there is no legal protection for wolves in Romania. As the local valuable skins, which allows hunting at any time throughout the year, but did not take poison measures. according to official records, each estimated to kill 250 wolves (Note: for the total number of 1 / 10). to kill a wolf, the government gave the hunter $ 5 bonus. Recently, the Government has begun to study to determine exactly how many wolves would only be appropriate to stay in the local ungulates (mainly red deer (cervusnippontemminck)) always survive. there is a region, the wolf was shot and killed or captured, the lower the density of wolves to livestock benefit from the rapid doubling the number of red deer head.
Hungary: Hungary, the history of the northern parts of the wolf, 907 to 1908, the wolf was shot. At present in Hungary can be seen only in the eastern wolf. According to hunt and observations, 1920 to 1930, the largest number of wolves .1940 to 1950, the minimum number of wolf .960 ~ 1980, wolf population has increased. In recent years, central and southern regions in Hungary re-established through the breeding of small populations of a wolf. The area is mainly larch (pinusgmelini) forest, a dense young forest grow, in order to provide a good habitat for the wolf and hidden conditions. Hungary established the small wolf populations with the surrounding countries such as Slovakia's population, improvement of population quality of each other. In Hungary, the wolf hunt deer, wild goats and livestock, they are so protected. but once the cause greater hazard, priority is still allowed to be hunted.
Slovakia: World War II, almost all regions of the wolf extinct in Slovakia, but World War II increased the number of wolves. After the war, a hunter by control of hunting and killing large number of wolves .1975 established the national park, wolves are protected in Slovakia for the first time, and provides for an annual March 1 to September 15, up to 6 months are not allowed to hunt wolves. now Slovakia has become the wolf population of about 300 or so is nearly 200 years, the largest population. protection of the wolf is the most difficult concept of the wolf people still need to change. wolf prey in Slovakia is the red deer, roe deer, wild boar and wild goats. pastoral areas in the Alps, there is a hunted wolf. In western Slovakia, not the forest, the wolf population in areas difficult to survive. non-protected areas and hunting wolves bonus, a wolf hunting, wolf hunting by the Government wages equivalent to about three weeks. Every year about 120 wolves in the hunt, (up to 40% of the total), does not killing too many. other wolves attack people infected with rabies have occurred from time, they have been a lot of killing . At present, there is no official management of a program.
Yugoslavia: in the central mountainous area of about 2,000 wolves live in the southwestern part of Slovenia to Yugoslavia, has rabies, but the wolves have been brought under control. In a study program in Bosnia near Sarajevo, but years of civil war in recent years, plans can only be postponed. wolf had a higher mortality rate, however, interrupt the research work on the wolf population here is almost no understanding of the dynamics.
Russia: Siberian Chukchi Peninsula, the most northeastern found a stable number of 400 to 500 wolf population. peninsula in Ta Muer increase in the number of wolves, but wolves in the Kamchatka Peninsula has reduced the number of .1980, the wolf, the wolf badger (gulogulolinnaeus) and snow sheep (ovisnivicolaeschscholtz) were being illegally used helicopters conducted a lot of hunting, the discovery has been stopped. Chukchi Peninsula wolf is due to increase in the number of government and economic changes, the region is not engaged in hunting activities; helicopter poaching has been stopped; a clear result of climate change, about 12,000 reindeer (rangifertaranduslinnaeus) to provide sufficient food for the wolf from October In 1991, the number of reindeer in the U.S. Wrangell Island too much, by the introduction of three wolf Chukchi Peninsula, and two male wolves to control the number of reindeer.
Middle East countries: the wolf population is as follows: Egypt (Sinai) 30 or so, the Arabian Peninsula 300 ~ 600 head around, Jordan 200, Israel 100 ~ 150, Lebanon 10, Syria 200 to 500, not more than 1,000 head of Iran, Afghanistan, about 1,000 head of Iraq and Turkey, an unknown quantity.
the former Soviet Union had a vast territory , the wolf population than any country in the world. With the economic development of this century, the wolf distribution area has expanded. After World War II, the maximum number of wolves more than 150,000 head in 1946 was 62,600 head killed the Soviet Union, only Russia 40,000 head to kill the late .60 ~ 70,000 population dropped to 60,000 head. With the economy changes, population increase in 80 years. current population status is not clear, because there is no investigation.
India: India's wolves two subspecies: Minnesota (canislupuschanco) and the Indian wolf (canislupuspallipes). the former is only distributed in the northern Indian Himalayas high altitude regions, the latter located in the arid and semi-arid steppe. India's wolf population is estimated at 1,000 to 2,000 head . This number fewer than the tiger in India [8]. but the wolf as the main predators and grasslands of India m the main species of shrub zone, and not been given due attention and protection. Although the Indian wolf is listed as endangered species protected by law, but because of the wolf in most parts of India to small livestock such as goats, sheep for food, the wolf eats a sheep each, for the local poor pastoralists are a huge economic losses, so the legal constraints very difficult to play the desired effect. It nests and kill the wolf with the smoke of their cubs, as wolves were shot and poisoned. At present, western India Vera Vada National Park is the only Wolf Conservation Area.
China: China was once the largest wolf population in the world. but the wolf population has never been systematically investigated, it is difficult to propose a precise figure. Hulunbeier recent coyote on the Inner Mongolia The population survey showed that: the number of wolves does not exceed 2,000 head. At present, most areas are still producing the wolf in the northwest, Inner Mongolia, Northeast China and parts of Xinjiang. but from habitat destruction and hunting has long been a large number of people, making the wolf in our distribution area is much narrower distribution of the national past, and now only found in the area north of latitude 30 degrees, basically was massive distribution, has been largely extinct in the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Even in the north forest, grasslands, wolves are only occasionally seen. There is no established specifically to protect the wolf's protected areas.
IUCN-SSC Wolf Group in September 1993 5 to 7 days held in Stockholm, Sweden, the first international Wolf Protection Conference, adopted the Declaration of wolf protection: the wolf as a species is proposed, with highly developed social behavior, in natural ecosystems have an important role and status should be protected. The European Association for the establishment of a research collaboration Wolf, to participate in 27 countries. developed a wolf research and conservation programs, regular meetings, publish the wolf population dynamics of the material, the full cooperation of the wolf.
wolf originated in the New World, dating back some five hundred years - - flourished before the human, the wolf was the world's most widely distributed wild animals. widely distributed in Europe, Asia, the Americas, the wolf in North America alone has the record of 23 species, subspecies as many wins enumeration hh
Wolves are canines, wolves alert, suspicious, very similar morphology and dogs, but more oblique eyes, mouth slightly wider, the tail is shorter and has never rolled up and down between the hind legs, erect ears, not music, have sharp canine teeth, Wolf's vision, a very sensitive sense of smell and hearing, the wolf's fur with white, black, variegated hh specifically different, wolves generally have more than 40 kg body weight, together with the 40 cm-long tail, the average length 154 cm, shoulder height There is a meter, the female wolf wolf's body smaller than the male of about 20%.
wolf is basically carnivores, the wolf ate too much, one can devour more than ten kilograms of meat, in summer occasionally eat grass, buds or berries, but often the food is rabbits, rodents, beavers, but also catch birds sometimes.
cohabitation of male and female wolves, hunting in groups. wolf is the use of the largest groups in the role of ability, than they are large enough to kill number of herbivorous animals. Each has a certain level of wolves in the system, each member of the very clear understanding of their identity, so each other, very few acts of hatred and fighting. On the contrary, in rounding up prey and co-Nurture context, also showed a spirit of friendship and cooperation. It seems from the historical data, although in Europe against a large number of livestock on the wolf, attack the human record, but the North American continent in the wolves together, but almost no one wolf attack records.
ancient people painted the image of the wolf stone walls, the heart filled with wonder; Eskimos and Indians have long recognized the outstanding characteristics of the wolf, and many Indian tribes also Wolves selected for their totem, they respect the wolf of courage, wisdom and amazing skills, they value the existence of wolves, and even that on Earth, in addition to shotguns, poison and traps, and almost all the rival wolf.
back ancient times, our ancestors full respect for the wolf, ancient times, people believe that a living mammal predators are some other race, there are people who worship their magic power, the human no doubt as to his own tribe is this or that Animal Magic is a member of race, something between them to be revered their ancestors, to put this ...
Sunday, December 26, 2010
Two players for the wonderful performance of Dalian, the achievements of the Chinese Olympic team's first win!!!
The end of yesterday morning the Asian Games men's football team in a race, Zhou Haibin goal to rely on the Chinese team a 1-0 victory over the Iraqi team made a good start. The game, two players for Dalian Wang Lei Zhou Haibin and become The focus of the game. the Chinese team to actively campaign in 7 minutes to win a wonderful start, Shen Long Yuan passed out on the right again, the Iraqi siege to the restricted area before the ball back, Ying Zhou Haibin provided assistance to the placement of the shot the ball into the ball under the angle of the goal, the Chinese team a 1-0 lead. The first 22 minutes, have repeatedly passed the ball behind the Chinese defense played and the formation of the Iraqi threat, Road crossing the ball left the restricted area to find neutral, and good follow-up players from the center is Wang Lei Feng blocking the line of .27-minute right-sided mass in the greater threat in Iraq, the Chinese team appeared neutral middle line, follow-up header players confiscated by Wang Lei. The first 29 minutes, Wang Lei Bigfoot pass through Iraq's defenses, Gao Lin into the restricted area opportunities for the formation of a transient single-pole, the ball, but stopping mistakes, missed opportunities in the rival interference. The first 62 minutes, the Chinese team won the absolute opportunity to expand the score, Zheng left out of the bottom line after the cut into the restricted area before the light, collusion of the players in the observation Zheng Zhi was sent after the location with the low gold content transfer, plug in the Zhou Haibin unmarked in the penalty area directly Tuishe goal, kick the ball but shot high. using melee chance to form Iraq's first 66 minutes restricted left shot, he denied the ball Lei Wang. In the end the Chinese team with Zhou Haibin goal in the first 7 minutes of the 1-0 victory over the opponent, to get a valuable 3 points. (to tell you a little secret, I was Zhou Haibin term of the alumni, but since he graduated in primary school soon to be a football school in Shandong pick away.)
Huitie not read, man heartless!!!
Huitie not read, man heartless!!!
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
Interest Groups
For elected officials to express their ideas, needs and opinions is an important mechanism. U.S. citizens, regardless of how specific issues of concern or special, often can find a special interest groups such issues. from a number of voluntary agencies including the U.S. Contacts can be seen, civil society composed of these reasons varied. Gale Research's not all political activities, but many of them to exert influence on public policy for the purpose.
American political system in terms of tangible, or from intangible Traditionally, all the interest groups provide fertile soil for survival. the U.S. system in favor of strengthening the influence of interest groups, one of the characteristics is relatively weak political power, which to some extent the result of the executive and legislative powers. In the parliamentary system as the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister to rely on Parliament majority support to the ruling, legislators in all political parties, thus also the formulation of policies, with considerable control. On the contrary, the U.S. presidential election and parliamentary elections are two separate political operation, even when held at the same time. Each legislators have to be in his / her state or the district form a team to win the league, and the nature of this alliance, the winning presidential candidate with a majority consisting of not the same league. is to illustrate this point phenomenon is that in since World War II most of the time, Congress and the President of the terms of reference were to grasp the hands of the opposing political party. Therefore, whether Democrats or Republicans, not necessarily in support of the party President of the claims or support the party's election platform is not. Because of the low degree of party loyalty, so the influence of interest groups to raise this not only reflected in the much-needed funds to support the campaign period; also performed after the election, those who were ever candidate wins support of interest groups closely involved in the formulation of policy.
the U.S. system in favor of strengthening the influence of interest groups, the second was characterized by political decentralization to the state and local, that is, the federal system, or said Because of the 50 states of social and economic situation is very different, difficult to implement an absolute party line.
addition, the U.S. system of strong, independent judicial system has strengthened the forces of interest groups. In other democracies, legislative or administrative naturalization body to deal with problems in the United States, often by the courts to decide. Therefore, the interest groups can not be achieved through litigation to the decision-making through legislative means to achieve goals. For example, the early 50s in the 20th century, the national NAACP (NAACP) in the court in favor of apartheid in the United States to open the first gap, the control positions than from the south Members of Congress willing to take action for several years earlier.
last thing: the United States of speech, press, publishing and almost unlimited freedom of association, the traditional means that almost any view expressed interest group, no matter how radical, can have the opportunity to open communication. Of course, the growing centralization of the media since World War II, so that some hold the edge groups view more difficult to make people hear voices. However, given the various groups can be more than the Internet, the trend of decentralization is offset to some extent. In short, the United States freedom of expression and press freedom in the tradition of providing social made public and public policy issues to comment on a large number of opportunities, thus encouraging the formation of interest groups.
range of interest groups before 1970, the United States introduced standard textbooks interest groups them into three categories most : business, labor and agriculture. Since then, the range of interest groups have become much more complicated. U.S. farmers to reduce the population of agricultural interest groups have lost influence, while a number of emerging new outside of these categories interest groups.
Business
Many scholars agree that the business sector in American politics plays a major role. consortia in a prominent position in the U.S. economy. As an elected official to be responsible for the country's economic performance, they often worry that if adopted the policy of confrontation with the business sector will be detrimental to economic performance.
However, the business sector to use its direct influence. with its huge financial resources of large multinational companies to promote their own political goals. They are often Federation is a member of a variety of industries, the Federation represents the industry's advocate in the political process. These companies also support the Assocation of Manufacturers) and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce (US Chamber of Commerce). In addition, some companies separate direct lobbying, out of millions of dollars in campaign contributions as to support the candidate they favor.
unions unions very slow development of the early 20th century, but the 30's when the political system in the United States has made an important position. century, 50 years, the number of union members reached a peak, accounting for 35% of the total number of workers. However, since the 60's, the union membership began to decline to the current population of only about 15% of workers, trade unions with their economic and political strength is also the weakening of the strength decrease. reduce the number of union members is very complicated reasons, discussed in detail in this difficult, but largely due to the nature of the global economy has changed, the United States from a manufacturing-based economy, changed focus to a service oriented economy. However, when unions focus their energy on an issue of an election or when, still has considerable influence.
professional societies
Another important interest groups are professionals of the community. These groups, such as the American Medical Association (Amercian Medical Association) and the American Bar Association (Amercian Bar Association) and so on, to focus on their own common professional interests, values and status. forces weaker but no less degree of organization is the public sector, professional staff. in state and local government, almost every profession has its own national organization. For example, in the areas of housing policy, there is the National Association of Housing and redevelopment of the civil service will (National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials), the state housing authority National Council (National Council of State Housing Agencies), and large public housing authority the Council (Council of Large Public Housing Authorities). According to state and federal law, these organizations may not participate in partisan activities. However, when faced with projects related to their work The problem, these groups will go to Congress to testify, they also organize their own members from the state and the region with members of the dialogue. As public programs serve low-income persons, and these people have very little influence on the composition national interest groups, therefore, these public service staff associations in the American political process has become the talk of the major spokesmen for the poor.
other relevant intergovernmental organizations, types of interest groups who represent the state and local groups of different units of government, which is in the country to lobby for their own interests. In the power distributed to federal, state and local governments at all levels of the U.S. federal system, these groups do not have a formal role, but they have and the same effect as other interest groups, about their views of the members of this Congress and administration, and in the media to promote their views. For example, the National Governors Association (National Governors' Association) and the National Conference of State Legislatures (National Conference of State Legislatures ) represents the state officials. As governor shoulder the implementation of federal social welfare programs required by the direct administrative and political responsibilities, the National Governors Association to help members of Congress in the formulation of social welfare legislation, in particular influence. the county agency interests of the county by the National Association (National Association of Counties) represented the interests of the city by the National Urban League (National League of Cities) and the U.S. Conference of Mayors (US Conference of Mayors) representatives.
public interest groups
Since 1970, grown the most in the interests of the Group is the direct material interest group members, but the values of society as a whole to express their interests. The first batch of public interest groups, with the 60's civil rights movement, the feminist movement and the environmental movement came into being. to support these business people often gone through a development process, from the adoption of the idea of street protests to express their political system to be organized action. then, public interest groups and development into new areas such as disability rights, prevention of child abuse or domestic violence the gay and lesbian rights. These groups are also advocating the establishment of pro-poor project's main force. public interest groups, including some of the major groups: the National Federation of low-income housing coalition (National Low Income Housing Coalition), protection of UNICEF (Children's Defense Fund), as well as the interests of the consumer activist Ralph. Nader (Ralph Nader) leading citizen of the community (Public Citizen) and so on.
general lack of public interest groups like the financial business interest groups. Although public opinion test point of view, their ideas tend to be considerable public support, but generally not more than the number of its members. One reason is that their goal is not with the specific nature of the practical interests, resulting in the that people can benefit from the efforts of these groups, but they do not have to be their own members, or at least not heavily involved. However, these groups use their professional expertise, and information collected through the strong, able to make other groups involved no problem. Initially, most public interest groups are politically left-leaning faction. However, in recent years, conservatives have organized their own interest groups, mostly to deal with the so-called public policy 60,70 liberalism appears tendency. this type of public interest groups including: National Taxpayers Union (National Taxpayers' Union) and women concerned about the U.S. organization (Concerned Women for America). like the Heritage Foundation (The Heritage Foundation) that the conservative think-tank can also play the role of interest groups, as their studies tend to provide the basis for the conservative world view. liberal side of the Urban Institute (Urban Institute), the situation may be similar to this.
the domestic public interest groups, and 80 years in the international arena since the emergence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) similar. In fact, the United States, some groups with international non-governmental organizations are closely linked. whether it is domestic or international support for public interest groups are concerned about social issues from a whole rather than immediate economic interests of citizens.
limitations of the effectiveness of interest groups from the above brief introduction can be seen, the U.S. political arena has a wide range of interests; a large number of investigations studies indicate that these interest groups promote the effectiveness of different views of its members. cause reason for the difference is that a group how to use their major political resources, namely the number of members, cohesion / intensity, funding, and information.
the number of members and cohesion
stands to reason that enjoy a high rate of interest groups to support should have the greatest impact. advocated by elected officials, is a majority in the polls, people support the policy because they want to support these claims a large number of who one day will be added to the success of their campaign to voters camp. However, there are several factors that make the situation becomes not so simple.
Yes, there are tens of thousands of citizens are members of interest groups, and some groups as environmental protection organizations for Sierra Club (Sierra Club) and the ILO, the AFL / CIO (AFL / CIO), is very weight of numbers. But, if further careful observation we can see, most of the members of many interest groups in fact received only among their potential supporters, a small part of the people. For example, polls showed most Americans in favor of very strict environmental regulations. these supporters can be millions of environmental interest group members sources. However, even the largest environmental groups that the number of members of the public are also less than one million. This relatively small number of members shows a pattern, that is, the number of citizens to participate in interest groups, only the U.S. population is a small part.
the late economist Man Kuer. Olson (Mancur Olson) has done the most feasible explanation. In his view, an interest group to achieve a policy goal, came from the economics said, is a never to Group, each new member dues are assessed, the amount is small. So, on the one hand, thousands of supporters to join interest groups, on the other hand there are also many people do not join, or not fully participate, they become The so-called support into votes cast for those who agree with the objectives of the group of political candidates? elections is a complex behavior, including a wide range of motives and effects: the candidate's personal character, party loyalty, and a variety of variety of issues. on the election results show that many voters supported the candidate for what their support policies and proposals which, not well understood. Therefore, the interest groups is often difficult to prove, its supporters in the election choices with the organization's objectives. those who can vote for candidates that the strength of their organizations, are subject to fear. For example, oppose gun control law formulation of the National Rifle Association (National Rifle Association) members of Congress to make sure that the problem is the members to vote for or against them the key. In this way, the National Rifle Association's influence has far exceeded the proportion of its membership representatives, even though most Americans favor stricter gun control formulation method.
As to mobilize a large number of members is a difficult task, therefore, not surprising that small but uniform groups and strong emotions are often able to produce more than its numbers show the strength of the impact is much greater. First , the smaller groups, each member of the higher contributions paid, will be much easier. smaller groups these advantages, if coupled with the results of its members and decisions at stake, then, even if the small groups, can also become a very powerful force.
funding in recent years to, increased costs due to the political campaign, money, the importance of politics in the United States increased. restrict campaign contributions loopholes in existing laws, but many parties are reluctant to support elected officials to make changes to the current system for fear the other will be modified benefits. those in the national elections, the most influential interest groups, tend to make voluntary contributions to candidates a total of up to several hundred thousand dollars.
In addition, non-election period if you want to keep a seat in Washington, place, and also requires considerable amount of money. a group need to have a group of professionals involved in their interests to go on to influence legislative activities, but also a number of staff members with its own touch to the members for their service. interest groups can not be stable if exist in Washington can not impose on the details of the legislative process behind the scenes influence, and this is precisely the interests of a sign of success.
financial factors are the same factors such as members of the group interaction and cohesion. To overcome the free rider problem interest groups must attract members, as a whole, have sufficient financial resources to make this organization want to develop. The need to develop a minimum income of the bottom line, lower than the bottom line, it is difficult to organize. For this reason, directly representing the poor a smaller number of interest groups.
, however, higher than the bottom line, the role of financial resources becomes more complex. It stands to reason, one with 100 million members, each paying $ 5 to raise the interests of the Group funding (500 million U.S. dollars), should have members with a 1 million people, but to pay 500 dollars per person of interest groups to raise funds which are equal. However, once taking into account the free-rider problem and with many members of the high cost of communications People will be able to see the larger interests of the practical disadvantages.
other interest groups to mobilize resources for the impact of factors related to members of its individual citizens, groups or other agencies. Many powerful interest groups influence In fact, by several groups to form the groups. They include trade associations, professional associations and representatives of public and nonprofit services group. an organization composed of concerned interest groups, many members do not need to mobilize the contact group, but they can call their own associated with these organizations represent thousands of members. In addition, various groups of its members can use their organizational resources, rather than an individual financial resources to provide support.
information in addition to a loyal member of
and outside funding, the information is of interest groups have the most powerful resource. information exchange through several channels. First, the information is passed to decision makers from the interest groups. interest groups often have members who lack the expertise, these groups are keen to to help Members understand the concerns of the community. Yes, the information provided by interest groups often promote their own interests with the bias; members are very aware of this situation. However, they might still find this information useful . interest groups in Washington, Permanent A major advantage is the opportunity to key stages in the decision-making process to provide information to Members.
Second, information from the legislative and executive branches passed to the interest groups. these groups of staff keep track of legislative proposals related to control of the legislative process to influence the best time. through informal exchanges between congressional staff, they have the opportunity to testify at the hearing, and close to a crucial vote, it will be the members of the group mobilized. Through this process, they understand the power of which the most powerful decision makers, and what strategies can win their support. Sometimes, these groups can make under consideration in Congress a bill for specific text be changed, thus affecting the effectiveness of their produce.
Third, interest groups with their own members and other citizens to exchange information. interest groups or by which it commissioned to carry out the investigation, rendering a particular problem. If the media pay enough attention to this, Members will feel compelled to make a response. These groups have also sought information to their members and to inform them about decisions made. In most cases, only a small number of private citizens will as a legislative find their own members. So long as an interest group to launch sent 200 letters, e-mail will people feel like an avalanche.
the past five years, the rapid development of the Internet to contact a large number of greatly reduced the cost of the public. Many interest groups now have web pages, e-mail as many groups to make their own members and between members and the means of communication between policy makers. However, this means the media is still new, these groups are still studying how best effectively take advantage of it, so it should know exactly what the influence of interest groups will have much effect, at the moment too early.
a relevant recent example of this influence, a number of conservative sites be used to disseminate information on former President Bill. Clinton (Bill Clinton) of the negative information, some true, some are a serious distortion or falsification. This may be the case for maintaining the momentum of Clinton's impeachment played a role, even though most Americans remain opposed to impeachment. unless the big companies to work out a way to exert control use of the Internet, and to improve Internet access charges, or that new media is likely to play a role in the popularization of political dialogue. In turn, the Internet may also encourage citizens into many small, rely on electronic communications to maintain the group, they are a fantastic view of the world becomes more and more isolated.
for more effective public interest groups
For these reasons, smaller, more coordination, a relatively strong financial claims of interest groups, more often than those who represent the interests of citizens are more successful claims. the special interests of specific, often more general than those of the so-called interests prevail more popular. However, in recent years, public interest the emergence of a large number of groups, interest groups does that better reflect the system of the United States as a whole variety of sounds. Moreover, public interest groups are often able to beat the look is more wealthy and powerful opponents. But, ultimately, elected officials are know, need to spend money to win votes. In many cases, those who have mass interest groups can not guarantee that their members will vote for a candidate, and industry associations and private companies able to offer a candidate to buy television advertising to ensure that the necessary dollar.
many public interest groups, a significant lack of, is the lack of genuine grassroots political organization. These groups typically is a small batch of the staff, they rely on the support of thousands of members of the operation, which Members of the group took place with the only connection, but is scheduled to pay membership fees. This structure with a mass political organization of early completely different, when the national campaign is smaller, people face to face contacts between the progressive development of local organizations up. and modern these groups, apart from a few activists, the members rarely meet.
recent years, observers of American society increasingly concerned citizen participation in community affairs groups decreased. This phenomenon involves both non-political organizations, political organizations are also involved. People put forward many reasons: to bring the outlier effects of television; dual-career and single-parent families caused by the reduction of adult leisure time; media-dominated campaign propaganda focused on the personal character hype and scandal, rather than on real issues, which make people have a cynical attitude.
Whatever the causes of reduced civic participation, interest groups and if the grassroots through its local branch to effectively mobilize people to it would in a strong political position. Because of ready-made channels, they can be developed to stabilize the membership base contact without having to spend a lot of money. they can with the candidates and elected officials at the local direct contacts at the national level, lobbying, and confidently said that its members will concern the body as a voting basis. This will be a truly mass movement, rather than passive supporters of keeping money minority affairs personnel actions.
However, the obstacles set up such an organization is enormous. It needs to create a large amount of money to start the grassroots organization. It needs to overcome the problem of Americans will be local issues with national divide and set the habit. It is also induced by many citizens need only know how to get rid of that national media attention to the issues raised, to the neglect of face to face with the tendency of neighbors.
a sign of a democratic society, is to allow citizens to develop their own political resources; in once they feel that private companies or government officials in violation of their interests, to mobilize these resources. In this sense, organized interest groups play a fundamental role in helping citizens make more effective use own resources: the right to vote, freedom of expression, freedom of association and judicial procedures.
Related reading:
Frank R. Baumgartner and Beth Leech, Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and Political Science (Princeton University Press, 1998)
Jeffrey Berry, Lobbying for the People: The Political Behavior of Public Interest Groups (Princeton University Press, 1977)
Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, Interest Group Politics (4th ed., Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995)
Michael T. Hayes, Lobbyists and Legislators: A Theory of Political Markets (Rutgers University Press, 1981)
R. Allen Hays, Who Speaks for the Poor? National Interest Groups and Social Policy (Garland Press [forthcoming, 2001])
Charles Lindblom, Politics and Markets: The World's Political-Economic Systems (Basic Books, 1977)
Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Schocken Books, 1970)
Mark P. Petracca, ed. The Politics of Interests (Westview Press, 1992)
About the Author:
R. Allen. Hayes (R. Allen Hays) is the North Iowa Hua University, Director of Public Policy Graduate Students, professor of political science. his interest groups in the formulation of the operation of the public policy process. Laotelieqi in 2001 by the publication of his activities in the field to make comments and comparisons. Hayes, Chinese University of Iowa professors to teach in the North before the former head of the local government housing.
American political system in terms of tangible, or from intangible Traditionally, all the interest groups provide fertile soil for survival. the U.S. system in favor of strengthening the influence of interest groups, one of the characteristics is relatively weak political power, which to some extent the result of the executive and legislative powers. In the parliamentary system as the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister to rely on Parliament majority support to the ruling, legislators in all political parties, thus also the formulation of policies, with considerable control. On the contrary, the U.S. presidential election and parliamentary elections are two separate political operation, even when held at the same time. Each legislators have to be in his / her state or the district form a team to win the league, and the nature of this alliance, the winning presidential candidate with a majority consisting of not the same league. is to illustrate this point phenomenon is that in since World War II most of the time, Congress and the President of the terms of reference were to grasp the hands of the opposing political party. Therefore, whether Democrats or Republicans, not necessarily in support of the party President of the claims or support the party's election platform is not. Because of the low degree of party loyalty, so the influence of interest groups to raise this not only reflected in the much-needed funds to support the campaign period; also performed after the election, those who were ever candidate wins support of interest groups closely involved in the formulation of policy.
the U.S. system in favor of strengthening the influence of interest groups, the second was characterized by political decentralization to the state and local, that is, the federal system, or said Because of the 50 states of social and economic situation is very different, difficult to implement an absolute party line.
addition, the U.S. system of strong, independent judicial system has strengthened the forces of interest groups. In other democracies, legislative or administrative naturalization body to deal with problems in the United States, often by the courts to decide. Therefore, the interest groups can not be achieved through litigation to the decision-making through legislative means to achieve goals. For example, the early 50s in the 20th century, the national NAACP (NAACP) in the court in favor of apartheid in the United States to open the first gap, the control positions than from the south Members of Congress willing to take action for several years earlier.
last thing: the United States of speech, press, publishing and almost unlimited freedom of association, the traditional means that almost any view expressed interest group, no matter how radical, can have the opportunity to open communication. Of course, the growing centralization of the media since World War II, so that some hold the edge groups view more difficult to make people hear voices. However, given the various groups can be more than the Internet, the trend of decentralization is offset to some extent. In short, the United States freedom of expression and press freedom in the tradition of providing social made public and public policy issues to comment on a large number of opportunities, thus encouraging the formation of interest groups.
range of interest groups before 1970, the United States introduced standard textbooks interest groups them into three categories most : business, labor and agriculture. Since then, the range of interest groups have become much more complicated. U.S. farmers to reduce the population of agricultural interest groups have lost influence, while a number of emerging new outside of these categories interest groups.
Business
Many scholars agree that the business sector in American politics plays a major role. consortia in a prominent position in the U.S. economy. As an elected official to be responsible for the country's economic performance, they often worry that if adopted the policy of confrontation with the business sector will be detrimental to economic performance.
However, the business sector to use its direct influence. with its huge financial resources of large multinational companies to promote their own political goals. They are often Federation is a member of a variety of industries, the Federation represents the industry's advocate in the political process. These companies also support the Assocation of Manufacturers) and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce (US Chamber of Commerce). In addition, some companies separate direct lobbying, out of millions of dollars in campaign contributions as to support the candidate they favor.
unions unions very slow development of the early 20th century, but the 30's when the political system in the United States has made an important position. century, 50 years, the number of union members reached a peak, accounting for 35% of the total number of workers. However, since the 60's, the union membership began to decline to the current population of only about 15% of workers, trade unions with their economic and political strength is also the weakening of the strength decrease. reduce the number of union members is very complicated reasons, discussed in detail in this difficult, but largely due to the nature of the global economy has changed, the United States from a manufacturing-based economy, changed focus to a service oriented economy. However, when unions focus their energy on an issue of an election or when, still has considerable influence.
professional societies
Another important interest groups are professionals of the community. These groups, such as the American Medical Association (Amercian Medical Association) and the American Bar Association (Amercian Bar Association) and so on, to focus on their own common professional interests, values and status. forces weaker but no less degree of organization is the public sector, professional staff. in state and local government, almost every profession has its own national organization. For example, in the areas of housing policy, there is the National Association of Housing and redevelopment of the civil service will (National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials), the state housing authority National Council (National Council of State Housing Agencies), and large public housing authority the Council (Council of Large Public Housing Authorities). According to state and federal law, these organizations may not participate in partisan activities. However, when faced with projects related to their work The problem, these groups will go to Congress to testify, they also organize their own members from the state and the region with members of the dialogue. As public programs serve low-income persons, and these people have very little influence on the composition national interest groups, therefore, these public service staff associations in the American political process has become the talk of the major spokesmen for the poor.
other relevant intergovernmental organizations, types of interest groups who represent the state and local groups of different units of government, which is in the country to lobby for their own interests. In the power distributed to federal, state and local governments at all levels of the U.S. federal system, these groups do not have a formal role, but they have and the same effect as other interest groups, about their views of the members of this Congress and administration, and in the media to promote their views. For example, the National Governors Association (National Governors' Association) and the National Conference of State Legislatures (National Conference of State Legislatures ) represents the state officials. As governor shoulder the implementation of federal social welfare programs required by the direct administrative and political responsibilities, the National Governors Association to help members of Congress in the formulation of social welfare legislation, in particular influence. the county agency interests of the county by the National Association (National Association of Counties) represented the interests of the city by the National Urban League (National League of Cities) and the U.S. Conference of Mayors (US Conference of Mayors) representatives.
public interest groups
Since 1970, grown the most in the interests of the Group is the direct material interest group members, but the values of society as a whole to express their interests. The first batch of public interest groups, with the 60's civil rights movement, the feminist movement and the environmental movement came into being. to support these business people often gone through a development process, from the adoption of the idea of street protests to express their political system to be organized action. then, public interest groups and development into new areas such as disability rights, prevention of child abuse or domestic violence the gay and lesbian rights. These groups are also advocating the establishment of pro-poor project's main force. public interest groups, including some of the major groups: the National Federation of low-income housing coalition (National Low Income Housing Coalition), protection of UNICEF (Children's Defense Fund), as well as the interests of the consumer activist Ralph. Nader (Ralph Nader) leading citizen of the community (Public Citizen) and so on.
general lack of public interest groups like the financial business interest groups. Although public opinion test point of view, their ideas tend to be considerable public support, but generally not more than the number of its members. One reason is that their goal is not with the specific nature of the practical interests, resulting in the that people can benefit from the efforts of these groups, but they do not have to be their own members, or at least not heavily involved. However, these groups use their professional expertise, and information collected through the strong, able to make other groups involved no problem. Initially, most public interest groups are politically left-leaning faction. However, in recent years, conservatives have organized their own interest groups, mostly to deal with the so-called public policy 60,70 liberalism appears tendency. this type of public interest groups including: National Taxpayers Union (National Taxpayers' Union) and women concerned about the U.S. organization (Concerned Women for America). like the Heritage Foundation (The Heritage Foundation) that the conservative think-tank can also play the role of interest groups, as their studies tend to provide the basis for the conservative world view. liberal side of the Urban Institute (Urban Institute), the situation may be similar to this.
the domestic public interest groups, and 80 years in the international arena since the emergence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) similar. In fact, the United States, some groups with international non-governmental organizations are closely linked. whether it is domestic or international support for public interest groups are concerned about social issues from a whole rather than immediate economic interests of citizens.
limitations of the effectiveness of interest groups from the above brief introduction can be seen, the U.S. political arena has a wide range of interests; a large number of investigations studies indicate that these interest groups promote the effectiveness of different views of its members. cause reason for the difference is that a group how to use their major political resources, namely the number of members, cohesion / intensity, funding, and information.
the number of members and cohesion
stands to reason that enjoy a high rate of interest groups to support should have the greatest impact. advocated by elected officials, is a majority in the polls, people support the policy because they want to support these claims a large number of who one day will be added to the success of their campaign to voters camp. However, there are several factors that make the situation becomes not so simple.
Yes, there are tens of thousands of citizens are members of interest groups, and some groups as environmental protection organizations for Sierra Club (Sierra Club) and the ILO, the AFL / CIO (AFL / CIO), is very weight of numbers. But, if further careful observation we can see, most of the members of many interest groups in fact received only among their potential supporters, a small part of the people. For example, polls showed most Americans in favor of very strict environmental regulations. these supporters can be millions of environmental interest group members sources. However, even the largest environmental groups that the number of members of the public are also less than one million. This relatively small number of members shows a pattern, that is, the number of citizens to participate in interest groups, only the U.S. population is a small part.
the late economist Man Kuer. Olson (Mancur Olson) has done the most feasible explanation. In his view, an interest group to achieve a policy goal, came from the economics said, is a never to Group, each new member dues are assessed, the amount is small. So, on the one hand, thousands of supporters to join interest groups, on the other hand there are also many people do not join, or not fully participate, they become The so-called support into votes cast for those who agree with the objectives of the group of political candidates? elections is a complex behavior, including a wide range of motives and effects: the candidate's personal character, party loyalty, and a variety of variety of issues. on the election results show that many voters supported the candidate for what their support policies and proposals which, not well understood. Therefore, the interest groups is often difficult to prove, its supporters in the election choices with the organization's objectives. those who can vote for candidates that the strength of their organizations, are subject to fear. For example, oppose gun control law formulation of the National Rifle Association (National Rifle Association) members of Congress to make sure that the problem is the members to vote for or against them the key. In this way, the National Rifle Association's influence has far exceeded the proportion of its membership representatives, even though most Americans favor stricter gun control formulation method.
As to mobilize a large number of members is a difficult task, therefore, not surprising that small but uniform groups and strong emotions are often able to produce more than its numbers show the strength of the impact is much greater. First , the smaller groups, each member of the higher contributions paid, will be much easier. smaller groups these advantages, if coupled with the results of its members and decisions at stake, then, even if the small groups, can also become a very powerful force.
funding in recent years to, increased costs due to the political campaign, money, the importance of politics in the United States increased. restrict campaign contributions loopholes in existing laws, but many parties are reluctant to support elected officials to make changes to the current system for fear the other will be modified benefits. those in the national elections, the most influential interest groups, tend to make voluntary contributions to candidates a total of up to several hundred thousand dollars.
In addition, non-election period if you want to keep a seat in Washington, place, and also requires considerable amount of money. a group need to have a group of professionals involved in their interests to go on to influence legislative activities, but also a number of staff members with its own touch to the members for their service. interest groups can not be stable if exist in Washington can not impose on the details of the legislative process behind the scenes influence, and this is precisely the interests of a sign of success.
financial factors are the same factors such as members of the group interaction and cohesion. To overcome the free rider problem interest groups must attract members, as a whole, have sufficient financial resources to make this organization want to develop. The need to develop a minimum income of the bottom line, lower than the bottom line, it is difficult to organize. For this reason, directly representing the poor a smaller number of interest groups.
, however, higher than the bottom line, the role of financial resources becomes more complex. It stands to reason, one with 100 million members, each paying $ 5 to raise the interests of the Group funding (500 million U.S. dollars), should have members with a 1 million people, but to pay 500 dollars per person of interest groups to raise funds which are equal. However, once taking into account the free-rider problem and with many members of the high cost of communications People will be able to see the larger interests of the practical disadvantages.
other interest groups to mobilize resources for the impact of factors related to members of its individual citizens, groups or other agencies. Many powerful interest groups influence In fact, by several groups to form the groups. They include trade associations, professional associations and representatives of public and nonprofit services group. an organization composed of concerned interest groups, many members do not need to mobilize the contact group, but they can call their own associated with these organizations represent thousands of members. In addition, various groups of its members can use their organizational resources, rather than an individual financial resources to provide support.
information in addition to a loyal member of
and outside funding, the information is of interest groups have the most powerful resource. information exchange through several channels. First, the information is passed to decision makers from the interest groups. interest groups often have members who lack the expertise, these groups are keen to to help Members understand the concerns of the community. Yes, the information provided by interest groups often promote their own interests with the bias; members are very aware of this situation. However, they might still find this information useful . interest groups in Washington, Permanent A major advantage is the opportunity to key stages in the decision-making process to provide information to Members.
Second, information from the legislative and executive branches passed to the interest groups. these groups of staff keep track of legislative proposals related to control of the legislative process to influence the best time. through informal exchanges between congressional staff, they have the opportunity to testify at the hearing, and close to a crucial vote, it will be the members of the group mobilized. Through this process, they understand the power of which the most powerful decision makers, and what strategies can win their support. Sometimes, these groups can make under consideration in Congress a bill for specific text be changed, thus affecting the effectiveness of their produce.
Third, interest groups with their own members and other citizens to exchange information. interest groups or by which it commissioned to carry out the investigation, rendering a particular problem. If the media pay enough attention to this, Members will feel compelled to make a response. These groups have also sought information to their members and to inform them about decisions made. In most cases, only a small number of private citizens will as a legislative find their own members. So long as an interest group to launch sent 200 letters, e-mail will people feel like an avalanche.
the past five years, the rapid development of the Internet to contact a large number of greatly reduced the cost of the public. Many interest groups now have web pages, e-mail as many groups to make their own members and between members and the means of communication between policy makers. However, this means the media is still new, these groups are still studying how best effectively take advantage of it, so it should know exactly what the influence of interest groups will have much effect, at the moment too early.
a relevant recent example of this influence, a number of conservative sites be used to disseminate information on former President Bill. Clinton (Bill Clinton) of the negative information, some true, some are a serious distortion or falsification. This may be the case for maintaining the momentum of Clinton's impeachment played a role, even though most Americans remain opposed to impeachment. unless the big companies to work out a way to exert control use of the Internet, and to improve Internet access charges, or that new media is likely to play a role in the popularization of political dialogue. In turn, the Internet may also encourage citizens into many small, rely on electronic communications to maintain the group, they are a fantastic view of the world becomes more and more isolated.
for more effective public interest groups
For these reasons, smaller, more coordination, a relatively strong financial claims of interest groups, more often than those who represent the interests of citizens are more successful claims. the special interests of specific, often more general than those of the so-called interests prevail more popular. However, in recent years, public interest the emergence of a large number of groups, interest groups does that better reflect the system of the United States as a whole variety of sounds. Moreover, public interest groups are often able to beat the look is more wealthy and powerful opponents. But, ultimately, elected officials are know, need to spend money to win votes. In many cases, those who have mass interest groups can not guarantee that their members will vote for a candidate, and industry associations and private companies able to offer a candidate to buy television advertising to ensure that the necessary dollar.
many public interest groups, a significant lack of, is the lack of genuine grassroots political organization. These groups typically is a small batch of the staff, they rely on the support of thousands of members of the operation, which Members of the group took place with the only connection, but is scheduled to pay membership fees. This structure with a mass political organization of early completely different, when the national campaign is smaller, people face to face contacts between the progressive development of local organizations up. and modern these groups, apart from a few activists, the members rarely meet.
recent years, observers of American society increasingly concerned citizen participation in community affairs groups decreased. This phenomenon involves both non-political organizations, political organizations are also involved. People put forward many reasons: to bring the outlier effects of television; dual-career and single-parent families caused by the reduction of adult leisure time; media-dominated campaign propaganda focused on the personal character hype and scandal, rather than on real issues, which make people have a cynical attitude.
Whatever the causes of reduced civic participation, interest groups and if the grassroots through its local branch to effectively mobilize people to it would in a strong political position. Because of ready-made channels, they can be developed to stabilize the membership base contact without having to spend a lot of money. they can with the candidates and elected officials at the local direct contacts at the national level, lobbying, and confidently said that its members will concern the body as a voting basis. This will be a truly mass movement, rather than passive supporters of keeping money minority affairs personnel actions.
However, the obstacles set up such an organization is enormous. It needs to create a large amount of money to start the grassroots organization. It needs to overcome the problem of Americans will be local issues with national divide and set the habit. It is also induced by many citizens need only know how to get rid of that national media attention to the issues raised, to the neglect of face to face with the tendency of neighbors.
a sign of a democratic society, is to allow citizens to develop their own political resources; in once they feel that private companies or government officials in violation of their interests, to mobilize these resources. In this sense, organized interest groups play a fundamental role in helping citizens make more effective use own resources: the right to vote, freedom of expression, freedom of association and judicial procedures.
Related reading:
Frank R. Baumgartner and Beth Leech, Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and Political Science (Princeton University Press, 1998)
Jeffrey Berry, Lobbying for the People: The Political Behavior of Public Interest Groups (Princeton University Press, 1977)
Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, Interest Group Politics (4th ed., Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995)
Michael T. Hayes, Lobbyists and Legislators: A Theory of Political Markets (Rutgers University Press, 1981)
R. Allen Hays, Who Speaks for the Poor? National Interest Groups and Social Policy (Garland Press [forthcoming, 2001])
Charles Lindblom, Politics and Markets: The World's Political-Economic Systems (Basic Books, 1977)
Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Schocken Books, 1970)
Mark P. Petracca, ed. The Politics of Interests (Westview Press, 1992)
About the Author:
R. Allen. Hayes (R. Allen Hays) is the North Iowa Hua University, Director of Public Policy Graduate Students, professor of political science. his interest groups in the formulation of the operation of the public policy process. Laotelieqi in 2001 by the publication of his activities in the field to make comments and comparisons. Hayes, Chinese University of Iowa professors to teach in the North before the former head of the local government housing.
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