Mao Zhu Jiamu explore the significance of the planned economy

 Zhu Jiamu: Mao Zedong's exploration of the planned economy of the significance
: Zhu Jiamu Source: 2007 2 to explore the implementation of
Zhu Jiamu
what a country's economic system, economic development of this country has a huge, deep and full of impact. From the founding of new China in 1949 to the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, China's basic on the implementation of the planned economic system. the party's congress made from a planned economy to socialist market economic system changes in decision-making and, thereafter, proved that the establishment of socialist market economy as the target model of economic reform, not only completely in line with our current and future productivity of a long historical period, the level of development, but also the socialist understanding of the Chinese Communist Party a major breakthrough and the Marxist economic theory of a new creative development. does not mean that the original We chose the planned economic system is wrong, for decades the exploration of the planned economy is meaningless; more does not mean that a planned economy the economic vitality of the ills that only binding but not a huge change in the role of national backwardness, only the subjective will of the act the failures and not according to objective economic laws and successful experience. on the issue was whether the clear understanding, not only to the historical evaluation of Mao Zedong, the PRC is also related to the historical evaluation of the first generation of builders.
a , Mao Zedong chose the reasons for the planned economic system
Some people think that the Soviet Union and China had chosen the planned economic system, is dogmatic understanding of the results of Marx; particularly China, but also the experience of learning the results of the Soviet Union. these words have a certain sense . Marx on human society, especially social and economic conditions of capitalist study, obtained an important conclusion, namely, proportional distribution of social necessary labor is the objective laws of human society, but human beings in a capitalist society can not consciously control the law, can only be through the power of self-regulation of the blind be proportional later, only to plan to do in proportion. the Soviet Union and China attach great importance to revolutionary Marxism after the victory of this idea, and it said to be the ideological source of the planned economy. However, the Soviet Union and China in the choice of the planned economy system, the do not have Marx said can be fully conscious proportion to the social conditions of socially necessary labor. Thus, when Marx's thinking as the planned economy under the conditions of the basis for understanding can be said that there is a certain bias. in particular, was a planned economy to increasing the degree of public ownership, it is divorced from reality a manifestation of the development of productive forces. In addition, in the choice of the planned economy of China, the Soviet Union has passed a number of five-year plan has made brilliant achievements and accumulated rich experience. Therefore, China adopted a planned economy, it is impossible not to learn the Soviet Union, the study also inevitable that the phenomenon of copy from. However, as long as we put matters on the historical conditions at the time carefully, in-depth analysis will be found, whether the Soviet Union or China had so choose and implement the planned economic system, the main or fundamental reason is not that understanding of Marxist Thought and the deviation, but their domestic and international from the time of the actual situation, the implementation of the priority development of heavy industrialization strategy. < br> (a) Why should the implementation of priority development of China's heavy industrialization strategy
on this issue, from the Central Propaganda Department in 1953 and issued by the full expression of Mao Zedong Thought of industrialization, (from 1921 to 1932, completed the first five-year plan) to achieve the country's industrialization. the establishment of heavy industry in China only can the whole industry, transport and agriculture for the development and improvement of access to necessary equipment, to their own manufacture of locomotives, rail, cargo passenger cars, ocean-going vessels and aircraft; to create their own light, precision machinery, light industry to expand and create new; to the production of agricultural machinery and fertilizer, agricultural transformation of the old; to establish a modern defense industry, no longer imperialist bullying.
since the Opium War of 1840, China industrialization has with China's national independence, national unity and other issues together, the fundamental problems facing China. In addition to the power on behalf of the landlord class, the most decadent of diehards in the China's political stage debut has all the political parties, we can say are in favor of setting up industry in China to realize industrialization. but how can the problems of industrialization, different answers to different factions. Chinese Communist Party declares to the world since her birth, China to achieve industrialization, you must first remove the two stumbling block on the road of industrialization, thoroughly anti-imperialist, and to this end were made by the new leadership of the proletariat revolution, a series of national democratic political views. Zedong these claims to be systematic, form a complete set of theory that democratic theory. He said: that people understood day by day multiplied by. industrial country from an agricultural country into the task of hh Chinese working class, not only with establishing a new democratic country for the fight, but for the China's industrialization and modernization of agriculture to fight. The victory and the realization of China's industrialization, is the goal of the Chinese Communists. It is this view that China's industrialization and anti-imperialist and anti-feudal China faces two basic problems together. < br> As for how to achieve the victory of democratic revolution, the problems of industrialization, Mao Zedong before the first has been advocating the development of the capitalist economy through the solution to. He said: matter, the capitalist economy in the Chinese society will have a considerable degree of development is conceivable, is not surprising. there will be a considerable degree of capitalist development, which is economically backward after the victory of the democratic revolution in China the inevitable result. and the first democratic transition through the stages of the transition stage is months, Mao Zedong, Transition to Socialism in the morning to take Therefore, such a large change occurs, the reason the country after the founding of New China, some new international situation changes, mainly in 1952, there had been three industrialization of China is a major new situation prompted China's Mao Zedong and the CPC Central Committee industrialization made new thinking, new strategic options.
first, return to work after three years of the national economy, industry, especially state-owned industry in the national economy have been greatly increased. to 1952 total industrial output value accounted for the proportion of industrial and agricultural output value has increased by 30% in 1949 to 43% of the total industrial output value of state-owned industrial output rose from 43.8% in 1949 to 67.3%, steel, steel, coal, cement, etc. than the output of heavy industry products have greatly improved in 1949 (15 million tons of steel in 1949, 1952, 135 tons). This brings us to carry out large-scale industrialization, and nation have a relatively good compared to the early conditions.
Second, in developing the first five-year planning process, identified priority development of heavy industrialization strategy. As early as February 1951, Mao Zedong and the Korean War under the military situation began to improve the national economy to stabilize the situation, proposed a what is the guiding ideology, or where to begin, what is the point? and other heavy industry to start. strategic vision.
the third, after the fight, the Soviet Union agreed to focus on heavy industry to China's ; plan and prepare the draft outline, please support the Soviet Union discuss the issue of industrial projects. Stalin clearly expressed its willingness in the industrial resources exploration, design, industrial equipment, technical data and sent to the Soviet Union and other aspects of study and practice of China's five-year aid program. This makes the heavy focus on the first five-year plan, have a relatively reliable guarantee.
Zhou Enlai and Chen Yun in by Stalin's assurance, in the September 24 back to Beijing, the evening will be attended by the Central Committee convened the meeting of Mao Zedong, report to discuss the situation with the Soviet Union. According to Bo recalls that meeting focused on the the transition to socialism, instead of 10 years or after the transition began, Zhou Enlai visited the Soviet Union to listen to reports in the case after the Mao Zedong made the transition to socialism in advance of this problem? This is the accidental coincidence? Absolutely not. This is precisely reflects the strategic selection of priority development of heavy industry, the Soviet Union agreed on the Objectively, from the Soviet Union received assistance for priority development of heavy industry's commitment to China. The decision to advance the transition to socialism, it is a priority development of heavy industry in order to meet the need.
(b) the implementation of priority development of heavy industrialization strategy Why must To implement the planned economic system
on this issue, you can see from the following four aspects.
First, the priority development of heavy industry have a lot of money to ensure that at a time when China is precisely the lack of funds, the need for a approach to limited funds together. the Chinese Communist Party in charge of the national government, the real situation is very weak, and only take away about the bureaucratic capital of 8.0 billion fixed assets, together with the assets of national capitalists, but a total of more than 100 billion yuan of industrial fixed assets. However, the first five-year plan of economic and cultural and educational construction spending amounted to 76.6 billion yuan, equivalent to 300 billion (at 1 U.S. dollar equals 2.5 yuan). in which the investment needs for infrastructure 42.7 billion yuan, equivalent to 17 billion U.S. dollars, far more than the Soviet Union and India, However, a total of 1.7 billion rubles, however, about 400 million U.S. dollars, accounting for the system, limited resources can be pooled and used them effectively to heavy construction.
Second, the priority development of heavy industry to have industry, mining, agriculture, forestry and other raw materials, especially to ensure adequate food supply at a time when domestic supplies extremely scarce, the low rate of food commodities, need a way to focus limited resources on them. expand the industrial scale of basic construction requirements of the urban population increase, and accordingly to increase the grain; large-scale import of complete sets of industrial equipment and industrial Soviet Union raw materials necessary to meat, eggs and other agricultural exports to repay, which also requires corresponding increase production of food. it difficult to increase grain yield, and no conditions for the case of large areas of wasteland, to ensure that food production, we must first ensure that its acreage , which one can make money on what is permitted and what kind, thus affecting the cotton, oil crops production. In addition, the expansion of infrastructure and development of industrial production requires coal, pig iron, aluminum and wood and other raw materials, and these are the people's living and production of consumer goods need, in the event of conflict, we must first ensure that the basic construction and industrial supplies. It all decided to implement only a high concentration of grain, cotton, oil and other major agricultural products of the purchase and sale system, and a high concentration of coal, pig iron , aluminum, wood and other materials in the allocation system.
Third, priority development of heavy industry to have a large number of industrial technology and management talent, and the old China did not give us much of a such a talent, need a way to have talent together as soon as possible, and as soon as possible with effective ways to train large numbers of suitable talent. the early establishment of new China, the national scientific and technical personnel is less than 5 million people, belonging to the Academia Sinica and the Institute of Peking Institute of 22 224 researchers, however, together with the local of less than 500 senior researchers. Faced with this situation, but to take a highly centralized system of labor and personnel, and college students to take Tongzhaotongfen system.
Fourth, priority development of heavy industry needs the assistance of the Soviet Union, the corresponding in need in our economic system, as well as working methods, work procedures should be convergence with. with today's words, this is called delivery, the timing of the installation, when the trial run, should be done according to plan. If China has no plan or implementation plan is not strict, and cooperation will be very difficult. It is also prompted us to adopt a highly centralized planned management system a factor.
above facts show that first-generation leaders Mao Zedong and other CPC Central Committee and the planned economic system was chosen rather than a market economy system, the main underlying reason for the transition to socialism with the advance, is due to the priority development of heavy industry, industrialization as soon as possible. In addition, due to the implementation of project management, needs of agriculture, industry and commerce goes according to plan production, in turn, promote the transition to socialism in advance, as agriculture and the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce to complete the task ahead of one of the factors. visible, the root cause of the problem of accelerating industrialization, rather than rush to build socialism.
planned economy on why Mao had done a lot of discussion on different occasions. He said: years in China, where, until now, had just made in accordance with the plans to develop its own economic and cultural conditions. Since this condition is achieved, China's face will change from year to year. Engels said that under the socialist system, l according to schedule social production becomes possible r, this is right. capitalist society, the economy's balance is achieved through the crisis. socialist society, there is going to be a plan to achieve balance. form. consciousness is a reflection of reality, but also counterproductive to the real ideology of hh things such as planning, economic development and without development, the speed of economic development, with such a big role. see, Mao, Marx and Engels in the socialist society of human can have plans to produce the idea, although there is a certain understanding of bias, but the reason he advocates a planned economy, as China's economic system, not because the eager transition to socialism , but to domestic and international conditions from China was starting to seize the domestic economy and a smooth recovery, stabilization of the Korean war situation, the Soviet Union agreed to support the historical opportunity to unify the plan as the basis for the allocation of resources so that financial, material and human resources shortage conditions, the rapid economic development, early achievement of national industrialization. In short, is to promote the rapid development of China's social productive forces.
II, Mao Zedong to explore the achievements of planned economy
Mao Zedong in the exploration of the planned economy have made mistakes, to have caused significant loss of socialist construction. But Mao planned economy made during exploration and the construction of which achievement is inseparable.
(a) of Mao Zedong to explore the practice of planned economy, the results < br> 1949, when Mao Zedong was the Chairman of the Central People's Government, faced with a devastated, poor and weak in China, industry is very backward. First of all, low self-sufficiency rate of industrial products, steel, 5%, oil 0.2%, 1.6%, vehicles and ships; Secondly, extremely unreasonable industrial structure, machinery manufacturing industry accounted for only 1.6% of total industrial output value, and basically repair. The situation at the time, Mao Zedong had a very vivid description. He said : tractors can not be made. billion kilograms of grain production from 2200 up to 5800 billion kg, an average of 137 kg per mu increased to 375 by the burden, per capita share of grain by 400 kg (population 550 million) increased to 638 kg (population 940 million).
industry : 1976, industrial output is more than a dozen times in 1949, accounting for the proportion of industrial and agricultural output by 1949 is also 30% to 64%. iron and steel, coal, oil, electricity, cement, glass and other heavy industrial products output, also have greatly improved. By 1976, China has formed a separate, relatively complete industrial system. Moreover, distribution of industrial fixed assets accounted for by the liberation of about 80% of the coastal, more than half of the mainland into the industrial layout Start rationalized.
infrastructure: the total length of newly built dike is 17 million km, the new reservoir more than 80,000 seats, and built many new railway, the railway mileage of 22,000 km to 4.6 km, in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Ningxia, and many other provinces, not the end of the history of the railway.
science and technology: the strength is not strong conditions, on its own create the atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb , firing cruise missiles or satellites; bred dwarf varieties of rice; developed tons hydraulic press; ruby laser; complete synthetic bovine insulin and other.
health, culture and education: liberation total only 18.5 million college graduates, And from 1949 to 1976 nearly 33 million college graduates in teaching staff is only .1952 4.2 million in 1976 reached 44 million in hospital 266 years, only .1949, while the 1976 has 60,000. Compared with before the founding of New China, the mid-70s of last century the mortality rate from 2.5% to 3.3% to 0.7%; the infant mortality rate fell from 20% to 3.5%; The average life expectancy from 35 years to 67 years.
above that, although in this period of 26 years, we have been subjected to the 10 years of turmoil that has affected economic development; In addition, over-concentration of economic system, lack of market regulation, and improved living standards is slow, but after all we have achieved the Chinese nation and the world's advanced industrial countries, greatly reducing the gap between it, and in many ways to spend the end of a hundred years before the West has completed the road.
experience tells us that everything its weeds. for any matter for historical evaluation, the key depends on its role and future at the time impact is a big profit or a big disadvantage. as long as the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, and its historical significance is the positive historical evaluation should also be positive. perfect, only pros and no cons thing in this world does not exist.
1, on learning the attitude of the Soviet planned economy, the Communist Party of China
planned economy to prepare both the experience and a serious shortage of cadres, therefore, to have a planned economy of the Soviet Union nearly 30 years learning is very natural. Mao Zedong said: Also not enough, so to learn the advanced experience of the Soviet Union. kinds of bad attitude. The other attitude, learning when to use their brains to think about, learn who and what's appropriate for our conditions, that is useful to draw on our experience, we need such an attitude. Mr. benefits, and disadvantages. Mr. Do, their reading, their writing, they want to question. It is a truth. suitable for our party to explore a road of building socialism with Chinese national conditions and opened the first of its kind, not only at the time, but also later in the reform and opening up to play a positive role.
2,Discount UGG boots, on the planned economy, the question of objectivity is
plan personnel action prepared in advance, essentially a conceptual thing. and laws have their objectivity is not at liberty to create or destroy. Therefore, planning of the person who does not respect the objective laws, do not seriously investigate the actual situation, plan very susceptible to subjective bias. the end of 1958 after Mao Zedong summarized the experience of both positive and negative lessons that: . should be a reality, we must seriously study the objective economic laws, must learn to skillfully use of objective economic laws, and strive to work out to accurately reflect the objective economic law program. understanding of the law, there must be a process. must proceed from practice, from no experience to experience, from having less experience, to have more experience of building socialism from the realm of necessity is not known to gradually to overcome the blindness, understanding the objective laws, to gain freedom, the emergence of a leap in understanding, to reach the realm of freedom. draw on the experience of the Soviet Union, China put forward to develop long-term planning guidance, five-year plans, annual plans a series of correct thinking. These ideas mainly in relation to some important guidelines on the treatment.
in dealing with heavy industry and agriculture, light industry relations, he pointed out that on the one hand to comply with the law of growth of production priority to heavy industry for economic development center; the other hand, both industry and agriculture at the same time, to industry-led, based on agriculture; necessary to agriculture, light investment plans in the order of arrangement.
in dealing with economic development and the relationship between national defense building, he proposed, on the one hand to prepare anti-war of aggression, we must strengthen national defense construction, pay close attention to the development of sophisticated weapons; the other hand, should be appropriate to reduce military costs, first of all to strengthen economic development.
in the relationship between central and local government, he pointed out that one must have a strong and unified central leadership, unified planning and unified discipline; the other hand, in the consolidation of the central under the premise of the unified leadership, more independence to local, give full play to the central and local initiative.
in addressing national, collective and personal relations, he proposed, on the one hand to do the country a game, against the personal interests above all else, against revenue over the poor; the other hand, taking into account national, collective and the individual relationship of the three, not just focus on one, to oppose egalitarianism, improve wages and reduce industrial and agricultural products of the , so that income of farmers increased from year to year.
in handling the relationship between accumulation and consumption, he suggested that one should focus on the development of production, if production increased rapidly, even though a significant number of no more than the accumulation of risk; On the other hand, the development of production and improving people's lives to be taken into account, properly handle the basic construction of need.
thrift in dealing with the relationship between large-scale construction, he proposed the one hand, to build China into a modern industrial power, must ensure that the modernization of a number of large-scale backbone enterprises of construction funds; the other hand, want to save as one of the basic principles of socialist economy, make full use of the industrial base left over from the old society, with less money to do more things, against waste, diligence and thrift.
long-term interests in dealing with the immediate interests relations, he proposed, on the one hand to take care of the people immediate benefits to people and constantly improved; the other hand, applied the long-term interests of the people going on, sometimes not make a lot of people's lives improved.
for foreign aid in dealing with the relationship between self-reliance, he proposed to self-reliance, for foreign aid, giving the one hand, the embargo against imperialism , blockade, and actively with foreign economic, scientific and technological exchanges, attracting foreign investment; the other hand, rely mainly on domestic markets, and work on their own power point on, and so on.
4, to be followed on the preparation of plans The first is a matter of principle
comprehensive balance. Zedong that ; things, development is always uneven, and therefore balance requirements. balanced and unbalanced contradictions in the various aspects and departments, all departments in all aspects of existence, continue to produce, continuously addressed. With the first year plan, but also a second-year program; with the annual plan, but also a quarter of the plan; with quarterly plan, but also have monthly plans. twelve months a year, month to solve the balance and unbalanced contradictions. plans often change, because the new imbalance came out. production, commodity exchange, the law of value will work point of view. He said: things, not to distinguish between the socialist and capitalist commodity production the difference between commodity production and do not understand the use of commodity production under socialist conditions, the importance of the role. This is the law does not recognize the performance of the objective, commodity exchange and the value of law as a useful tool for socialism. our socialism and communism. Otherwise, everything is impossible. information, such as tractors and other means of production are commodities economic system. In the highly centralized planned economy period, the management authority concentrated in the State administration, therefore, the management will be greater use of mandatory planning instruments and administrative measures. But the Mao era and carrying forward the revolutionary period of our party the formation of the fine tradition of great importance not only discipline, but also pay attention to ideological and political work. For example, because of local interests and overall interests and contrary to the conflict to the neglect of the phenomenon of national unity plan, often ideological and political work and administrative measures to both: on the one hand unity of thinking to do the work, stressing the need for the implementation of national plans and seriousness, requiring little reason to obey truths; other hand, the strict implementation of the party and the country's political discipline, administrative discipline, do not listen to call, its own way to give harsh criticism until the disciplinary action. Zedong Politburo in April 1956 to expand the meeting said: need not balance the country's balance of hh, no swap, the country's largest industry that we, the industrialized country not to do it. we speak of the independence of local, independent place, when speaking, be careful not to go to the extreme to the other side regard to. , the whole party to the Central Committee (which is the most subordinate minority, this minority is representative of the majority). , do not ...